.A ss 

FT MEQDE 

GenCol1 

I._ A 


G. K. Gilbert. 


DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR-U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR 


SUMMARY 


OF THE 


PRIMARY TRIANGULATIOff 

EXECUTED BY THE 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 


BETWEEN THE YEARS 1882 AND 1894 

BY 

HENRY GANNETT 

CHIE K T< >POG R A PH ER 


EXTRACT FROM THE SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SURVEY, 1894-95 
PART I—DIRECTOR S REPORT AND PAPERS OF A THEORETIC NATURE 



WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

189G 















5*1 



SUMMARY OF THE PRIMARY TRIANGULATION EXECUTED 
BY THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
BETWEEN THE YEARS 1882 AND 1894. 

BY 

HENRY GANNETT, 

CHIEF TOPOGRAPHER. 


875 







SUMMARY OF THE PRIMARY TRIANGULATION EXE¬ 
CUTED BY THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL 
SURVEY BETWEEN THE YEARS 1882 AND 1894. 


By Henry Gannett. 


Since the inception of topographic work by the United States Geo¬ 
logical Survey in the spring of 1882, primary triaugulation has been 
carried on upon an extensive scale, for the purpose of furnishing ulti¬ 
mate control for maps. To convey an idea of the magnitude of these 
triangulation operations, it may be stated that during these thirteen 
years no fewer than 1,295 primary points have been located, furnishing 
control for fully a half million square miles of country, or one-sixth of 
the area of the United States, excluding Alaska. 

Since the primary purpose of this work has been to control maps 
upon scales not ordinarily exceeding 1 mile to 1 inch, the extreme of 
accuracy has not been sought, but only such degree of accuracy as 
would insure that no errors perceptible upon the scale of the map 
could accumulate. 

Whatever work has been done by other organizations which is 
deemed to be of sufficient accuracy for the control of the maps of the 
United States Geological Survey has been utilized, both immediately 
for the control of topographic work and also for the extension of 
triangulation therefrom by the United States Geological Survey. The 
work of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey has been largely 
used in this manner, especially in the eastern part of the country. 
The maps in New England, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania 
rest in large part directly upon the triangulation of that organization, 
while in the Appalachian region triangulation has been extended by 
the United States Geological Survey from points determined by the 
United States 'Coast and Geodetic Survey in its great Appalachian 
belt. The work of the United States Lake Survey, and that of the 
New York State survey under Mr. J. T. Gardiner, have been extensively 

877 




878 


SUMMARY OF PRIMARY TRIANGULATION. 


utilized in a similar manner. In the interior of tire country and in the 
far West, where no work by other organizations exists, primary triangu¬ 
lation has been done ab initio by the United States Geological Survey; 
astronomic determinations of positions have been made, base lines 
measured, and expansions effected by it. 

As was stated above, 1,295 points have been determined by primary 
triangulation during the past thirteen years. These are distributed 
over thirty-three States and Territories, as appears from the following 
table, which gives the number determined in each State and Territory 
in which work has been done: 


Mai ne. 20 

New Hampshire. 11 

Vermont. 1 

Massachusetts. 13 

Rhode Island. 12 

Connecticut. 16 

New York. 60 

Pennsylvania. 42 

Maryland. 5 

Virginia. 44 

West Virginia. 32 

Kentucky. 39 

Tennessee. 21 

North Carolina. 23 

South Carolina. 5 

Georgia. 14 

Alabama. 3 


Michigan. 7 

Arkansas. 84 

Missouri. 13 

Kansas.291 

Texas. 236 

South Dakota. 19 

Montana. 65 

Wyoming. 17 

Colorado. 10 

New Mexico. 32 

Arizona. 27 

Utah.:. 2 

Nevada. 12 

Idaho. 29 

Oregon. 4 

California. 86 


The methods and instruments employed in this work have developed 
as the work has progressed. This development has been in the direc¬ 
tion of economy and efficiency as well as of accuracy, so that at the 
present time a much higher degree of accuracy is obtained than at the 
outset, together with a diminished expenditure upon field and office 
work. 

In the early years of the work, base-lines were measured with sec¬ 
ondary base bars. These were used up to the year 1887, when long steel 
tapes, 300 feet in length, under constant tension, were substituted, and 
have since been employed. They have been found more advantageous 
for the following reasons: The ground requires less preparation; the 
base can be measured much more rapidly, and, owing to the diminished 
number of contacts, with quite as great accuracy. By making the 
measurements upon cloudy days or at night, the correction for tempera¬ 
ture is believed to be determined quite as accurately. Longer bases 
are measured, thus simplifying the expansion; and bases are measured 
more frequently, thus affording a greater number of checks upon the 
triangulation. 

During the thirteen years in which this work has been going on, twelve 
base-lines have been measured in different parts of the country. Their 




































GANNETT.] 


BASE-LINES. 


879 


localities, tlie date and means of measurement, and their approximate 
lengths are set forth in the following table: 


Base-lines measured by the United States Geological Survey. 


Locality. 


Tear. 


Means of 
measurement. 


Length 
in miles. 


Wingate, X. Mex. 

1881 

Bozeman, Mont. 

1883.. 

Austin, Tex. 

1884 

Fort Smith, Ark. 

1887.. 

Little Rock, Ark. 

1888 

Spearville, Kans. 

1889.. 

Albany, Tex. 

1889.. 

Sierra Blanca, Tex. 

1890.. 

Boise, Idaho. 

1890 . 

Aspen, Colo. 

1891.. 

Laramie, Wyo. 

1892.. 

Rapid, S. Dak. 

1893.. 


Bars. 

4.20 

Bars. 

4. 56 

Bars. 

6. 40 

Tape. 

2. 84 

Tape. 

3. 72 

Tape. 

7.10 

Tape. 

9. 00 

Tape. 

4. 60 

Tape. 

4. 75 

Tape. 

Tape. 

1.00 

2. 50 

Tape. 

5.00 


In early years the instruments used were vernier theodolites reading 
to 10 seconds, with circles 6, 7, 8, 10, and 11 inches in diameter. In 
1889 there were substituted for these, 8-inch theodolites reading by 
microscope to 2 seconds, and these have since been employed uni¬ 
versally in the primary triangulation. 

While there is no question that the results from the instruments first 
used were amply accurate for the purpose, greater care was required 
in using them, a larger number of readings was necessary than with 
the present instruments, and the results were adjusted by least squares, 
which tedious operation is rendered unnecessary by the use of the 
better instruments. Indeed, it is believed that the instruments at 
present employed are of as high a grade as those in use in any part of 
the world, and that, by employing sharper signals, by exercising more 
care in the selection of times for observations, and by taking a larger 
number of measurements of angles than have heretofore been employed 
results can be obtained with them equal to the best secured in geodetic 
work. 

The signals used differ with the facilities afforded by the neighbor¬ 
hood. The commonest form, and that which is generally in use in a 
settled country, is the ordinary tripod and pole, the tripod being 
swathed in cotton to facilitate finding it. In a wooded, unsettled 
region, tripods composed of three trees trimmed up are sometimes 
employed, or a single tree found upon the summit of a station is 
trimmed up and utilized as a signal. In the Eocky Mountain region 
a common signal is a cairn of stones upon a summit. 

The permanent marks which have been left to indicate the stations 
also differ widely with the facilities afforded by the country for obtain¬ 
ing the necessary material. Of the total number of stations (1,295), 
921 have been marked in a manner which may be regarded as perma¬ 
nent, 253 in a less permanent manner, while 121 have no mark of any 
degree of permanency. The permanent marks consist of copper bolts 
set in ledges, holes drilled in ledges, stone posts, buried bottles with 















































880 


SUMMARY OF PRIMARY TRIANGULATION. 


stoues set over tliem, and cairns of stones, upon the largest of which 
inscriptions have been marked. Iron bolts and pipes set in the ground 
have been used. In many cases upon the plains section corners of the 
General Land Office surveys have been located, and in this case the 
section corner serves as the permanent mark. Buildings of various 
sorts also serve this purpose in numerous cases. Less permanent 
marks are marked trees, tripod signals, etc. 

Triaugulation has been carried on in the following areas in the years 
named: 

New England, in the years 1887 to 1890, a-nd in 1892. 

New York and Pennsylvania, from 1889 to 1894. 

Southern Appalachian region, from 1882 to 1890 

Upper peninsula of Michigan, in 1889. 

Arkansas, from 1887 to 1891. 

Texas, from 1884 to 1893. 

Kansas, from 1885 to 1887, and in 1889 and 1890. 

Montana, in 1883 and 1884, 1886 to 1889, and in 1891. 

Wyoming, in 1892. 

Colorado, in 1893 and 1894. 

New Mexico and Arizona, from 1882 to 1890. 

Idaho, from 1889 to 1892. 

California, from 1882 to 1893. 

South Dakota, in 1891 and 1893. 

Oregon, in 1894. 

There has been expended upon this triangulation, including base 
measurement and expansion, and also all salaries and other expenses 
connected therewith, about $400,000, an average per year of $30,000, 
and an average per station located of a trifle over $300. The average 
expense of primary triaugulation per square mile of area triangulated 
is about 80 cents. This item differs widely, however, in different parts 
of the country, being far greater in heavily timbered, level country, 
where the triangle sides are short and the expenses of clearing and 
signal-building heavy, while in the ltocky Mountains, when the triangle 
sides are long and when there is no clearing necessary, the cost'is far 
below the above average. 

As the simplest method of characterizing the degree of accuracy of 
this primary triaugulation, the following table of average closure 
errors of triangles is presented. It is to be understood that in all 
cases the station adjustments and correction for spherical excess had 
been made prior to footing up these errors of closure.’ The work in 
Texas prior to 1887 and in other areas prior to 1889 was done with 
vernier theodolites, while the work in those and subsequent years was 
done with micrometer theodolites. 


OANNETT. ] 


DEGREE OF ACCURACY. 


881 


Closure errors of triangles. 


Year. 

Number of 
triangles. 

Closure 

errors. 

Central Texas: 



1884 . 


8.50 

7.77 

1886 . 

40 

1887 . 

50 

5.22 

1888 . 

14 

8. 08 

1889 . 

38 

7.08 

1890 . 

54 

4.00 

1891. 

41 

4.43 

1892 . 

16 

7.83 

1893 . 

15 

8.71 

Western Texas: 



1892 . 

36 

9.85 

California: 



1886 . 

34 

18.86 

1»87. 

9 

13.46 

1889 . 

24 

6. 93 

Arizona: 



1883 . 

13 

12.46 


Year. 

Numberof 

triangles. 

Closure 

errors. 

New Mexico: 



1886 . 

42 

9. 50 

1889 and 1890. 

29 

10.00 

Montana: 



Early years. 

48 

19.10 

1891 . 

74 1 

3. 39 

Kansas: 



1885 . 

62 

7. 95 

1886 . 

30 

15.80 

1889 . 

71 

3.49 

1890 . 

*40 

1.73 

1890 . 

162 

2.07 

Arkansas: 



1887-88 . 

103 

8.14 

1889 . 

43 

6. 66 

1890 . 

38 

7. 54 

1891. 

48 

9.18 


* Spearvilie belt. 


t Northern belt. 


The work in New England, New York, and Pennsylvania has been 
mainly supplementary to the work executed by the United States Coast 
and Geodetic Survey, and that in New York to the work of the United 
States Lake Survey and the New York State survey. In some places it 
has been found necessary to extend triangulation from the existing work 
of these organizations in order to furnish control for areas to be surveyed 
in other localities, and in certain cases the stations in preexisting work 
were too far apart to serve the purposes of the topographer, and it was 
therefore necessary to multiply stations within preexisting triangula¬ 
tion. The work done in these States by the United States Geological 
Survey is, therefore, not in compact bodies, but consists of a little work 
here and a little there. 

The work in the Appalachian Mountain region south of Mason and 
Dixon’s line is very extensive, spreading from the Blue Ridge west¬ 
ward across the valley and over most of the Cumberland Plateau. Its 
northern limit is Mason and Dixon’s line, and its southern limit is the 
neighborhood of Atlanta, Ga., and Birmingham, Ala. This work rests 
upon stations of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey along 
the Blue Ridge and the outlying ridges to the eastward, known as its 
Appalachian Belt. Most of the stations of the United States Coast and 
Geodetic Survey on the Blue Ridge from Maryland to Georgia have 
been occupied by the United States Geological Survey as initial points 
for triangulation. The work in this region has been done throughout 
with 6-inch and 7-inch vernier theodolites reading to 10 seconds, and 
has been subjected to least square figure and station adjustments. 

A little triangulation has been done on the upper peninsula of Michi¬ 
gan for the purpose of controlling surveys of the Marquette iron district. 
This triangulation rests upon two stations of the United States Lake 
Survey, near Marquette. 

The northwestern quarter of the State of Arkansas has been quite 
1G geol, pt 1-56 












































882 


SUMMARY OF PRIMARY TRIANGULATION. 


well covered by triangulation. This was initiated by a base measured 
in the eastern part of Indian Territory, near Fort Smith, Ark., the site 
being a tangent of the St. Louis and San Francisco Railroad. The 
base is 2.84 miles in length. It was measured at night with a 300-foot 
steel tape. After expanding, triangulation was carried eastward to 
the neighborhood of Little Rock, opposite which, near Argenta, a sec¬ 
ond base, 3.72 miles long, was measured in a similar manner upon the 
roadbed of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railroad. The 
angles in the triangulation were measured with a 7-inch vernier theod¬ 
olite reading to 10 seconds. 

From stations in the eastern portion of this belt, work was extended 
northward across the Arkansas and over the Ozark Plateau to the Mis¬ 
souri boundary, thence returning southward near the west boundary 
of the State, and closing upon stations in the western part of the belt. 
Angles in this work were measured with an S-iucli micrometer theod¬ 
olite. 

The triangulation in Kansas is in three detached belts, each of which 
starts from a line of the transcontinental triangulation of the United 
States Coast and Geodetic Survey. The southern belt begins with the 
line Fulton-Hutton Mound, some 20 miles east of the Missouri-Kansas 
boundary, and proceeds nearly due west in a narrow belt of triangles 
and quadrilaterals until the Arkansas River is reached at Hutchinson; 
thence the general course of the river is followed as far as Lamed, at 
which point the conditions favored a detour southwestward to Dodge, 
after which the river was followed to its present terminus, near Hart- 
land. 

The first part of this belt was executed in 1885 with a Gambey 
11-incli vernier theodolite. In 1889 the belt was continued westward as 
far as Spearville with a Fauth 8-inch micrometer theodolite. At Spear - 
ville a base 7.1 miles in length was measured with a 300-foot steel tape, 
with a probable error of 0.39 of an inch. The next year work was 
resumed at Spearville and continued westward to the present terminus 
of the belt, at Hartland. 

A second belt of triangulation was executed in 1886, work being- 
based upon the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey line, Blue- 
Mouud-Eckman, near Lawrence, Ivans. This belt runs northwestward 
and then westward. Angles were measured with the Gambey 11-iuch 
theodolite above referred to. 

A third belt, lying west of that just described, uses for initial 
positions three stations of the United States Coast and Geodetic Sur¬ 
vey, Blind Creek-Frey Wilman. This belt first proceeds northward 
about 40 miles, and then takes a general westward course to its 
present terminus, near Leland, Kans. It consists of a series of well- 
proportioned quadrilaterals of larger size than the other two belts, the 
increase in size being rendered possible by more favorable topographic 
conditions. The instrument used was a Fauth 8-inch micrometer 


GANNETT.] 


AREAS COVERED. 


883 


theodolite. Angles were read by the method of direction, both singly 
and combined, in such manner as to give check observations on each 
angle which entered into the position. Adjustment by least squares 
was made in the earlier work, when vernier theodolites were employed; 
bu*t in the later work, when better instruments were employed, it was 
considered unnecessary. Nearly all the signals consisted of tripods 
built of lumber. In connection with this triangulation a large number 
of section corners were located, usually by measuring directions and 
distances from the triangulation stations. 

Triangulation has been carried on in Texas in two localities, namely, 
middle Texas, between longitudes 90° 3th and 101°, and western, or 
trans-Pecos, Texas. The work in the latter section extends from the 
western point of the State as far eastward as longitude 103°, and from 
the Rio Grande to the New Mexican boundary line, inclosing an area of 
about 15,000 square miles. 

The triangulation in middle Texas covers an area of about 50,000 
square miles, nearly rectangular in shape. The work in this region 
was commenced in the neighborhood of Austin in the summer of 1884. 
A base-line 0.4 miles in length was measured with four-meter bars, and 
was connected Avith the astronomical determination of the United 
States Coast and Geodetic Survey at Austin. Work was carried on 
continuously until 1889, covering the area closely. In the latter year a 
verification base was measured near Albany, in the northern part of 
the State. This Albany base is about 9 miles in length, and was meas 
ured twice with a 300-foot steel tape under a tension of 20 pounds. 
The instruments used in the triangulation were 8 inch theodolites with 
verniers reading to 10 seconds, up to and including 1880, and during 
the remainder of the work an 11-inch theodolite reading bj’ microscopes 
to single seconds was employed. The work done with the first-named 
instruments was adjusted by least squares; that subsequently done 
was not .subjected to this adjustment. The signals were mainly tripods 
made from sawed lumber, with an interior scaffold for the support of 
the instrument whenever it was necessary to raise it from the ground. 

In trans-Pecos Texas triangulation was commenced in the spring of 
1890. A base-line was measured on the roadbed of the Texas and 
Pacific Railway, and an astronomic determination of position was made 
at Sierra Blanca. In this region the triangulation stations were usually 
the summits of sharp and well-defined mountain peaks, which were 
marked by piles of stones that served as signals. 

Triangulation in the Black Hills of South Dakota originated in a 
base line in the valley of Box Elder Creek, about 4 miles northeast of 
Rapid. This base is nearly 5 miles in length and was measured with a 
300-foot steel tape under a uniform tension of 20 pounds. The prob¬ 
able error of the measurement is 0.84 of an inch. The initial astro¬ 
nomic point is a pier in the county court-house at Rapid, the position of 
which was determined in 1890. The instrument used in the triangula- 


884 


SUMMARY OF PRIMARY TRIANGULATION. 


tion was an 8-incli theodolite reading by microscopes to 2 seconds. 
The signals consisted of tripods of lumber with a signal pole in the 
center, under which the instrument was placed. 

A little triangulation has been done in the Elk Mountains of Colo¬ 
rado for the control of a small area about Aspen. This work rests upon 
a base-line 1 mile in length measured along one of the streets of Aspen, 
and for astronomical position the work was connected with a station of 
the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey on Treasury Mountain. 
Angles were measured with an 8-inch vernier theodolite. 

Triangulation in southern Wyoming rests upon a base-line about 
2.5 miles in length measured along the roadbed of the Union Pacific 
Railroad just north of the town of Laramie. The initial position is an 
astronomical station in Laramie determined in 1872 by the Wheeler 
Survey. The instrument used in this triangulation was an 8-inch 
micrometer theodolite. 

Triangulation in Montana covers an area of about 50,000 square miles. 
A base line located just west of the town of Bozeman, which was meas¬ 
ured by officers of the Wheeler Survey in 1877 with a steel tape, was 
remeasured in 1883 by the United States Geological Survey with a 
secondary base apparatus. It was expanded and the work carried 
southward, to include the area of the Yellowstone National Park, during 
1883 and 1884. In subsequent years the work was carried eastward, 
northward, and westward over much of centra" and western Montana. 
The angles were measured with an 8-incli vernier theodolite. In 1889 
the triangulation was extended eastward down the valley of the 
Yellowstone to the neighborhood of Fort Custer, using an 8-inch 
micrometer theodolite. 

Triangulation in Idaho covers an area of about 15,000 square miles, 
forming a parallelogram about 100 miles in breadth by 150 in length, 
extending from the longitude of Hailey on the east to the western 
boundary of the State. Work was begun in the summer of 1889 and 
continued until 1892, inclusive. It rests upon a base-line 1.75 miles in 
length measured near Boise with a 100-foot steel tape, and the result¬ 
ing probable error of different measurements was 0.19 of a foot. The 
initial astronomic position is in the city of Boise. The instruments 
used in this triangulation were at first a 7-inch vernier theodolite, and 
during the seasons of 1891 and 1892 a 10-incli micrometer theodolite. 
The work done with the vernier theodolites was adjusted by least 
squares; that executed with the 10-inch theodolite was not subjected to 
this adjustment. 

Triangulation in California, Nevada, and Oregon is in three distinct 
parts, which may be distinguished as the Cascade section, in northern 
California and southern Oregon; the Gold Belt section, including the 
Sierras in the latitude of Red Bluff, the Yosemite Valley, and from the 
Sacramento Valley eastward into Nevada ; and the southern California 
section. 


GANNETT.] 


AREAS COVERED. 


885 


The work in the first section was begun in 1882 and continued until 
5887. All distances, azimuths, and positions depend on the line Lassen- 
Sliasta, as determined from unclosed triangles of the United States 
Coast and Geodetic Survey. The instrument used in this portion of the 
work was an 8-inch 10-second vernier theodolite. Natural points mainly 
were sighted, since sharp peaks were generally used. The work was 
adjusted by least squares. 

In the Sierra Nevada, work was commenced in 1885. This work rests 
upon the line Marysville Butte-Pine Hill of the United States Coast 
and Geodetic Survey. Other lines determined by the same organiza¬ 
tion were used as check lines. During the first year the angles were 
measured with a 7-iuch vernier theodolite. Subsequently work was 
done with similar instruments having an 8-inch circle. Upon most of 
the stations on this work signals were built, and in many cases these 
were very high and difficult to construct. 

Triangulation in southern California was begun in 1891, and covers 
an area of about 5,000 square miles. The line Southeast Base-San 
Juan, as determined by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, 
serves as a base-line for this work. The instrument used was an 8-inch 
micrometer theodolite. 

The triangulation in the plateau region of northern New Mexico and 
Arizona and parts of adjacent States depends on a base measured at 
Fort Wingate, N. Mex. This was measured in 1881 with four-meter 
bars, and was expanded and triangulation depending upon it was 
carried forward until 1890. The initial position, which is Fort Wingate, 
was located in 1883. The instrument used in the triangulation was a 10- 
inch vernier theodolite, prior to 1890, in which year an 8-inch microm¬ 
eter theodolite was used. Many of the signals of this triangulation 
were natural points, consisting of high, sharp peaks. In other cases 
cairns of stone or trees were used. This triangulation, being carried 
on in a region of high mountains, consists of very large figures, lines 
of 100 miles in length being not uncommon. The area covered by this 
triangulation is approximately 91,000 square miles. 











INDEX. 


Page. 

Abietites acicu laris Sap. 526 

Abietites fructifolius Sap. 518 

Abrasive materials, statistics of production 

of. 56 i 

Acrosticbites. 521 

Acrostichopteris. 522 

Acrostichopteris densifolia Font. 522 

Acrostichopteris lougipennls Font. 522 

Acrostichopteris Ruffordi Sew... 482 

Actinolite-schist. origin and character of.. 702- 

703,706 I 

Adams, Frank D., cited.. 503, 748, 750 j 

Adams, Leith, remains of dinosaur (Arcto- 

saurus) described by. 152 

Adiantum aneimiaefolium Sap. 526 i 

Adiantum dilaceratnm Saj>. 526 j 

Adiantum dispersum Sap. 518 

Adiantum distractum Sap. 518 

Adiantum eximium Sap. 526 

Adiantum expansum Sap. 526 

Adiantum longinquum Sap. 518 

Adiantum subtilinervium Sap. 526 

Adiantum tenellum Sap . 526 

Adirondack district of pre-Cambrian rocks, 

features of. 771-773 

Administrative Branch, work of..84-88 

Adoxa prteatavia Sap. 526,539 

Aetosauria and Dinosauria, relationship be¬ 
tween . 231 : 

Aetosaurus ferratus Fraas, figure of. 231 

restoration of. 231 

hind limb of Alligator mississippiensis 

compared with hind limb of. 232 

Africa, remains of dinosaurs from. 226 

Agathaumas Cope, characters of. 217 

Agnotozoic, a term proposed by K. I). Irving 

for a pre-Cambrian era or system.. 760 

Ahern, Jeremiah, work of. 77 

Aix, France, work on fossil plants at. 516 

Alabama, allotment of money for geologic 

work in. 11 ' 

geologic work in... 19, 39,40 

paleontologic work in. 38, 39 

Tuscaloosa formation of. 513 

Alaska, topographic surveys in. 459-461 

fossil plants from. 531, 532 

Alaskan glaciers, paper by H. F. Reid 

on. 415-461 

Alberta, Lower Cretaceous of. 469 

Albian formation, geologic age of. 469, 481, 513, 514 
Albian of Portugal, flora of the. 482, 


515. 518-520, 523, 524, 526-536, 539 


Page. 

Albirupean series of the Potomac forma¬ 
tion . 473, 513, 524, 531, 532 

Alcanede, Portugal, plant-bearing beds at.. 523 

Alcantara, Portugal, plant-bearing beds at. 524 

Alethopteris Choffati Sap. 518 

Alethopteris ? discerpta Sap. 518 

Algie in the Jurassic of Portugal. 520 

Algie in the Lower Cretaceous of Portugal. 533 

Algites eatenelloides Sew. 482 

Algites valdensis Sew. 482 

Algonkian rocks, character, delimitations, 

and stratigraphy of. 744, 759, 766 

Alismites primigenius Sap. 526 

Alligator mississippiensis, hind limb of 
Aetosaurus ferratns compared with 

hind limb of. 232 

Allosaurus, description of remains of. 163 

Allosaurus fragilis Marsh, figures of re¬ 
remains of. 264, 266 

Allosorus. 535 

Almargem, Portugal, plant-bearing beds 

of.514,523 

Alps, anticlinoria and synclinoria of. 613 

Alsatia, Buntersandstein of. 482 

Aluminum, statistics of production of.52,59 

Amboy Clays, geologic age and flora of.... 469 

470, 513, 423, 524, 533. 542 
American and European dinosaurs, compari¬ 
sons of. 185-186 

Ammopus, figures of footprints of. 254 

Ammosanrus, description of remains of_ 150 

Ammosaurus major Marsh, figures of re¬ 
mains of. 

Amphibole, metasomatic alterations of... 
Analogies in the Lower Cretaceous of Europe 
and America, paper by L. F. Ward 

on. 463-542 

Anchisauridae, discoveries of remains of... 147 

characters of. 239 

figures of remains of. 248-252 

Anchisaurus color us Marsh, description of 

remains of.148-149 

description of restoration of. 150-151 

figures of remains of. 248-252 

Anchisaurus major Marsh, description of 

remains of. 147-148 

Anchisaurus polvzelus Hitchcock, figures 

of remains of. 250 

Anchisaurus solus Marsh, description of 

remains of. 149-150 

Andrae, K. J., cited. 535 

Aneimidium lobulatum Sap. 526 


250 

690 


887 












































































888 


INDEX 


Page. 

Aneimidium minutulum Sap. 526 

Aneimidiuiu tenerum Sap. 526 

Angiosperms, archetypal. 535 

Ankerite, jnetasomatic alterations of. 090 

AnomcBpus, figures of footprints of. 254 

Antediluvian House, Portland, England, 

fossil tree at. 490,491 

Anthony and Brackett, cited. 637 

Anticline and syncline, figures of obverse 

halves of . 618 

Anticlinoria, definition and types of. 607- 

608, 609, 611- 612, 613-620 

Antimony, statistics of production of.52, 59 

Apatosaurus Marsh, descriptions of. 166-168 

Apatosaurus ajax Marsh, figures of remains 

of. 278,280,282,316,322 

Apatosaurus laticolis Marsh, figures of re¬ 
mains of . 280 

Apennines of Emilia, Italy, Cretaceous 

clays of the. 500 

Appalachian region, geologic work in. 16-22 

work on paper on influence of orogenic 

movements in. 18 

study and representation of mineral 

resources of. 61 

Appropriations and allotments. 9-13 

Aptenodytes Pennantii, comparison of 

united metatarsal bones of Cerato- 
saurus nasicornis with united meta¬ 
tarsal bones of. 236 

Aptian formation of Portugal, flora of the.. 514, 

518-520,523, 526-530, 533 

position of the. 469, 481 

Aqui Mountains, Utah, pre-Cambrian rocks 

of. 822 

Aquia Creek, Va., sandstone at. 472, 511 

A quia Creek series of the Potomac forma¬ 
tion . 473, 

481, 482, 523, 530, 531, 532, 533, 538, 542 

Aralia. 534 

Aralia calomaxplia Sap. 526,531,539 

Aralia formosa Heer. 531 

Aralia proxima Sap. 526,539 

Aralia Wellingtoniana Lx. 539 

Araucaria. 492,494 

Araucaria pippingfordensis (Ung.) Schimp. 482 

Araucarian type of structure. 491,499 

Araucarioxylon. 491 

Araucarioxylon antediluvianum Ward. 482, 

491, 498 

Araucarioxylon arizonicum Kn. 499 

Araucarioxylon Virginianum Font. 499 

Araucarioxylon Wallacei Kn. 482, 495, 498 

Araucarioxylon Webbii Kn. 482, 496,498 

Araucarites Mbllhausianus Gopp. 499 

Archean rocks, character, origin, delimita¬ 
tions, and stratigraphy of. 744-759 

of the Lake Superior region. 781-783 

Archetypal angiosperms. 465, 535 

Argille scagliose. 470,500,503 

Argyrosaurus, a Patagonian sauropod, dis¬ 
covery and naming of remains of... 185 

Aristolochia Daveauana Sap.. 526 

Aristolochia vetustior Sap. 526 

Arizona, hydrographic work in. 44, 46 


Page. 

Arizona, fossil woods of. 499 

Arkansas, paleontologic work in. 27 

Arkose, origin and character of. 700 

Artesian-well prospects in the Atlantic 
Coastal Plain region, preparation 

of report on. 23 

Asbestos, statistics of production of. 59,60 

Ashdown Sand, geologic- position of. 477, 479 

Ashley Hill, N. Y., belt of folded and pitch 

ing strata at. 552, 554 

Asia, remains of dinosaurs from. 226 

Aspiialtum, statistics of production of.59, 60 

Aspidium fredericksburgense Font. 521 

Aspleniopteris pinnatifida Font. 531 

Astradon Johnstoni Leidy, discovery of 

remains of. 164 

figures of teeth of. 164 

Atane, Greenland. Cenomanian flora of... 481. 482 
Aherfield beds, geologic place and plant 

beds of. 469, 474, 479, 481, 482, 499 

Atlanta Exposition, administrative work at. 42- 

43,61,79 

Atlantic Coastal Plain region, geologic 

work in. 22-23 

Atlantic section of topography, work of... 62, 64 
Atlantosauridae, descriptions of genera and 

species of. 166-175 

characters of. 241 

figures of remains of. 274-292, 316. 322, 328 

Atlantosaurus beds, dinosaurian remains 

from. 164-165 

Atlantosaurus inunanis Marsh, description 

of remains of. 166 

figures of remains of. 276 

Atlantosaurus montanus Marsh, descrip¬ 
tion of remains of. 166 

figures of remains of. 274, 278 

Augite, metasomatic alterations of. 690 

Auriferous deposits of Georgia and the 

Carolinas, work on. 21-22 

Australia, remains of dinosaurs from. 226 

Ipswich beds of. 530 

Jurassic beds of. 482, 484 

Austria, Wealden flora of. 481 482 

Keuper deposits of. 517 

Austrian Silesia, Urgonian flora of. 481,482 

Autoclastic rocks, origin of.:. 679 

zone of. 679-682 

pre-Cambrian. 682 

Ausweiclmngs cleavage, character and 

cause of. 645 

Avalon series of rocks, description of_ 812-813 

B. 

Babb, Cyrus C., work of. 45 

Bagg, R. M., work of. 22 

Baiera. 521,534,535 

Baiera cretosa Schenk. 526. 530 

Baiera dilatata Heer. 518 

Baieropsis. 534 

Bajociau of Portugal, plant-bearing beds 

of. 517 

Baker, Marcus, work of.82-83 

Balaenidae (fossil) of Italy. 501.502 

Baldwin, n. L., jr., work of. 65, 77 






























































































INDEX. 


889 


Page. 

Baldwin, Prentiss, cited on movement of 


Alaskan glaciers. 441,445 

Baltimore, Md., Potomac plants from. 539, 542 

Bambusium latifolium Heer... 526 

Banat, Hungary, Liassic flora of. 535 

Banded rocks, causes of structure of. 663 

Bannon, T. M., work of. 66 


Barnacles, fossil cycad mistaken for.. 501, 502, 508 

Barnard, E. C., work of. 66 

Barosaurus Marsh, description of remains 

of.,. 174-175 

Barosaurus lentus Marsh, figures of cau¬ 
dal vertebrm of. 175 

Barus, Carl, cited.... 707, 847 

Barytes, statistics of production of. 57, 60 

Basal conglomerates, characters of. 721-724 

determination of plane of unconformity 

by.. 728 

transformation of crystalline schists to.' 731 

Basal Potomac formation, number of fossil 

plants from. 533 

Bascom, Florence, aid by. 601 

cited. 837 

Base lines measured by the United States 

Geological Survey. 879 

Basement complex of the Lake Superior 

region. 781-783 

Bassett, C. C., work of. 66 

Bathygnatus borealis, discovery of remains 

of. 147 

Bauxite deposits of Georgia and Alabama, 

work on. 19 

Bavaria, Rhetic flora of. 482, 484, 530 

Bayley, W. S., work of. 23 

Beaman, W. H., work of. 64 

Beccari, B., fossil cyeadean trunk identi¬ 
fied by . 502 

Becker, George F., work of. 21-22 

cited. 634,636, 

637, 639, 641, 648, 651, 653, 654, 669, 671, 874 

Beckwith, H. C., dinosaurian remains found 

by. 164 

Bedding, clues to. 559-560 

relation of cleavage to. 647-651 

characteristics of pre-Cambrian.716-720 

occurrence of false. 559 

Belgium, Gault of. 481,482,530 

Bell, Robert, cited. 779 

Bellasian of Portugal, plants of.514, 525 

Belodon Kapffi von Meyer, figure of pelvis of 234 
Belodontia and Dinosauria, relationship be¬ 
tween . 232 

Beltsville, Md., fossil cycads from. 503 

Benet, S. V., cited. 590 

Bennettites Saxbyanus Carr. 503 

Bernardi, Signor, aid by. 510 

Bianoam, Giacomo, fossils described and fig¬ 
ured by. 502 

Bibbins, Arthur, aid by.40,41 

Maryland cyeadean remains made 

known by. 484 

Birds and dinosaurs, relationships between. 237 

Bjuf, Sweden, fossil plants of. 535-536, 538 

“Black dirt ” of the Purbeck, fossil cycads 

from. 486 


Page. 

Black Hills, fossil cycads of the. 467, 

484,486 (PI. Cl), 487, 503 

fossil woods of the. 499 

Lower Cretaceous of the. 469, 470 

pre-Cambrian rocks of the. 813-814 

Blair, H. S., work of... G4 

Blankenburg, Germany, Senonian flora of. 481, 530 
Blue Ridge of the Potomac River, pre-Cam¬ 
brian rocks of.•. 839 

Blvttia infracretacea Sap. 526 

Bohemia, Cenomanian flora of.♦ 481, 

482, 512, 514, 515, 530, 531, 532 
Bologna, fossil plants of.. 470, 500, 501, 504, 505, 509 

Borax, statistics of production of.57, 60 

Bornholm, Liassic flora of. 482, 484 

Brachyphyllum. 520, 521, 533, 534 

Braehyphyllum confusum Sap. 526 

Brachyphyllum corallinum Heer. 526 

Brachyphyllum Delgadonum Heer. 518 

Brachyphyllum lusitanicum Sap. 518 

Brachyphyllum majusculum Sap. 518 

Brachyphyllum microcladum Sap. 518 

Brachyphyllum micromerum Heer. 518 

Brachyphyllum obesiforme Sap. 526 

Brachyphyllum obesiforme elongatum Sap. 526 

Brachyphyllum obesum. 526 

Brady Glacier, Alaska, description of. 429 

Braseniopsis venulosa Sap. 526,539 

Braseniopsis villarsioides Sap. 526 

Brecciation and brecciation pebbles. 569 

Bristow, Henry William, cited. 478, 493 

British Columbia, pre-Cambrian rocks of... 820 

Brogger, W. C., cited. 686 

Bromine, statistics of production of. 57, 60 

Brontosaurus Marsh, detailed description 

of. 168-173 

description of restoration of.173-174 

Brontosaurus amplus Marsh, figures of 

metacarpal bones of. 173 

figure of sternal plate of. 179 

Brontosaurus excelsus Marsh, description 

of remains of. 168-174 

figures showing ribs of. 170,171 

figures showing pelvis of. 172 


restoration of. 173-174, 328 

figures showing terminal phalanx of.... 174 

figures of remains of. 284-292, 322 

Brontozoum, figures of footprints of. 254 

Brook Point, Isle of Wight, fossil plants of. 487, 

489, 491, 492, 493 

Brooks, A. H., work of. 18-19 

Brooks, W. K., cited on early forms of life.. 584 

Brown, Robert, cited. 494 

Brunswick, N. Y., figure showing cleavage 

as related to faulting in ledge at- 566 

Buarcos, Portugal. Albian flora of 523, 524, 536, 539 
Buckland, William, Megalosaurus named by 163 

fossil plants described by. 481, 484,485, 486 

Bucklandia anomala (Stokes and Webb) 

Presl. 482 

Bucklandia Mantelli Carr. 482 

Building stone, statistics of production of... 60 

Buntersandstein of the Vosges, flora of 

the. 482,484 

Burns, Frank, work of.39-40 

































































































890 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Caixoria, Portugal, Aptiau flora of. 523 

Calcite, metasomatic alterations of. 690 

California, allotments of money for geologic 

work in. 11 

allotment of money for topographic 

work in. - 13 

geologic work in. 35-37 

paleontologic work in. 38 

hydrographic work in. 44,46 

topographic work in. 06, 68, 70. 71 

Callorian of Portugal, fossil plants of. 517 

Cambrian fossils collected. 38 

Cambrian period, character of fauna of. 582 

Cambrian rocks, delimitations of. 744 

lower limit of. 764 

of the Lake Superior region. 796 

unconformity between Keeweenawan 

and. 807 

Campbell, M. R., work of. 17-18 

Camptosaurid® (Camptonotid®), characters 

of. 196-198,243 

paleontologic allies of. 226 

remains of. 350-356, 396, 400-406 

Camptosaurus Marsh, species of. 196-197 

characters of. 201, 228 

Camptosaurus amplus Marsh, size of. 196 

Camptosaurus dispar Mhrsh, description of 

restoration of. 196,197-198 

figures of remains of. 352, 402. 406 

restoration of. 356 

Camptosaurus medius Marsh, size and char¬ 
acters of. 196.197 

figures of remains of. 350, 396,400, 404 

Camptosaurus nanus Marsh, size of. 196 

figures of remains of. 354 

Canada, Kootanie of. 481 

Canada, pre-Cambrian rocks of. 809-813 

Cannon. George L., jr., dinosaurian remains 

found by. 205 

Cape Lisburn, Alaska, fossil plants from. 531,532 

Cape Mondego, fossil plants from. 515,516 

Capellini, G., cited on age and fossils of the 

Scaly Cl ay 8 of Italy..*. 500, 

501.502,503, 505. 509-510 

aid by. 504 

Carangnejeira, Portugal, Aptian flora of_ 523 

Carboniferous of Portugal, papers published 

on. 516 

Carboniferous coal plants, work on. 21 

Cardiodon, an English sauropod, naming of 185 

Cardiodontid®, characters of. 24f 

Carpathian Mountains, Urgonian flora of 

the. 514 

Carpites burmanniseformis Sap. 526 

Carpites granulatus Sap. 526 

Carpites plicicostatus Sap.’. 526 

Carroll, Captain (of the steamship Queen), 

aid by. 421,422,432 

Carruthers, "William, work on fossil plants 

by. 481,484,486,503 

Carroll Glacier, Alaska, description of 430,431, 433 

Caulinites atavinus Heer. 526 

Caulinites flmbriatus Sap. 526 

Cavalieri, Signor Engineer, fossil plant re¬ 
mains found on estate of. 501 


Page. 

Cavities in rocks, conditions of closing of.. 590- 

594, 853-860 

conditions for existence of. 848-853 

Cedrelospermites venulosusSap. 526 

Celastrophyllum. 523,539 

Cement, statistics of production of. 55-56,60 

Cementation, metamorphism of rocks by.. 684-686 
Cementation and consolidation, rocks modi¬ 
fied by. 699-700 

Cementation and injection, metamorphism 

of rocks by.-. 686-688 

Cenomanian flora of various countries. 481, 

482, 510, 514,515. 524. 526-532, 540, 542 

Cenomanian formation, position of. 469, 479 

Central section of topography, work of.. 62, 64-65 

Ceratops, characters of. 216 

Ceratops beds, geologic horizon and geo¬ 
graphic localities of. 206-207 

Ceratops montanus Marsh, figures of remains 

of. 370 

Ceratopsia, characters of. 143,243 ' 

Ceratopsidae, geologic horizon, geographic 

localities,and general characters of. 203, 

206-219,243 

figures of remains of. 362-386, 398-406 

Ceratosauria, families and genera of. 240 

Ceratosaurid®, characters of. 240 

figures of remains of. 260-264. 272, 398 

Ceratosaurus Marsh, description of remains 

of. 156-163 

restoration of. 163, 272 

Ceratosaurus nasicornis Marsh, description 

of remains of. 156-163 

figures of remains of. 162. 236, 260-264, 398 

restoration of. 163, 272 

Cereal, Portugal, Urgonian flora of.514 515, 

523, 536, 539 

Cercis. 539 

Chamberlin. T. C., work of.-..24-25 

Changarniera. 534-536 

Changarniera dubia Sap. 526 

Chapman, R. H., work of. 64 

Cliara Knowltoni Seward. 481, 482 

Charpentier Glacier, Alaska, description oi. 428, 

429-430, 433 

Chemistry, work of Division of.42-43 

Cheirolepis.. 521 

Clieirolepis Choflati Sap. 526 

Cheirolepis Miinsteri Schenk.218, 520 

Chert (ferruginous), oiigin and character 

of . 701-702 

Chesapeake Bay, plant beds of shores of. 479, 523 

Cheyenne sandstone of Kansas, age of. 487 

Chico and Tejon faunes, discrimination of. 38 

China, J urassic beds of. 482,484 

Chlorite-schist, origin and character of. 706 

Choflat, Paul, work on fossil plants by. 514, 

515,516,517,523 

cited. 524 

geologic section prepared by. 525 

Chotfatia Francheti Sap. 526, 536 

Chondrites. 521 

Chondrites bollensis Heer. 518 

Chondrites intricatus Sternb. 504 

Chondrophyton laceratum Sap. 540. 542 































































































INDEX. 


891 


Page 

Chondrophytum dissectum Sap and Mar.... 540 

Chromic iron ore, statistics of production of. 57. 60 
Chrysodiopteris marchantiaeformis Sap_ 518 


Chrvsosplenium. ! ... 536 

Chuar terrane of the Grand Canyon, pre- 

Cambrian rocks of. 825 

Cissites. . 539 

Cissites obtusilobus Sap. 526, 532, 542 

Cissites sinuosus Sap.. 526 

Cladophlebis. 521,522,533,534 

Cladopblebis Albertsii (Dunk.) Brongn_ 482 

Cladophlebis angulata Sap. 518, 521 

Cladophlebis argutidens Sap. 526 


Cladophlebis Browniana (Dunk.) Sew..'.... 482, 

484, 518, 526, 530, 534 


Cladophlebis confusior Sap. 526 

Cladophlebis eonstricta Pont. 521 

Cladophlebis crenata Pont. 521 

Cladophlebis derelicta Sap. 526 

Cladophlebis distans Font. 531 

Cladophlebis Dunkeri (Schimp.) Sew. 482, 

484, 526. 530, 534 

Cladophlebis fissipennis Sap. 527, 531 

Cladophlebis Limai Sap. 527 

Cladophlebis longipeunis Sew. 482 

Cladophlebis microlepsina Sap. 518 

Cladophlebis micromorpha Sap. 518 

Cladophlebis minor Sap. 518, 527 

Cladophlebis minutissima Sap. 527 

Cladophlebis multipartita Sap. 518 

Cladopblebis obtusiloba Sap. 518, 527, 521 

Cladophlebis parva Font. ! ... 521 

Cladophlebis parvula Sap.:. 518 

Cladophlebis sinuatiloba Sap. 518, 521, 527 

Cladophlebis subcycadina Sap. 527, 531 

Cladophlebis uudulatiformis Sap. 518 

Claosaurus Marsh, description of remains 

of. 219-224 

size, geologic horizon, and associated 

forms of. 224 

structural differences between Pterope- 

lyx and. 224 

structural differences between Traclio- 

don (Hadrosaurus) and. 224 

Claosaurus agilis, figure of ilium of. 223 

Claosaurus annectens Marsh, figures of re¬ 
remains of. 388, 390. 394-404 

restoration of. 392 

Claosauridae, characters and geologic ho¬ 
rizon of. 203, 244 

description of remains of. 219-224 

Claosauridse, figures of remains of... 388-398,404 

Clark, P. W., work of. 42 

Clark, William B., work of. 22 

New Jersey formations named by.... 479,524 

cited. 735 

Clathropodium Morieri B. K. 486 

Clathropteris.52 L 535 

Clathropteris sp. Sap. 518 

Clay Marl of New Jersey, character of. 479 

Clays, statistics of production of. 55, 60 

Cleavage, examples of differential. 560-561 

twofold and threefold. 564-566 

figures showing. 565, 566 

across fault lines. 566 






Page 

Cleavage in igneous rocks. 635, 642 

in homogeneous rocks. 636-643 

relation to structure forces of. 637-643 

(cross), character and causo of. 642-643 

(parallel), character and caiiseof. 643 

in heterogeneous rocks. 645-654 

relation of bedding to. 647-651 

rotation of. 652-653 

relations between fissility and. 654-656 

relation of bedding to. 649, 656-659 

in Lake Superior region. 800-801, 802 

causes and characters of. 868-872 

Cleavage and fissility, definition and 

causes of. 633-635 

in heterogeneous rocks. 646-654 

relations between . 654-656 

relations of other structures to. 656-661 

relation of thrust faults to . .. 659-660 

relations of thickness of strata to_ 660-661 

relations of stratigraphy to. 668 

Cleavage banding, examples of. 561-564 

microscopic section showing .. 564 

Cleavage plane, the beginning of. 566-567 

Clements, J. M., work of. 23 

Clepsysaurus pennsylvanicus, discovery 

of remains of. 147 

Coal, statistics of production of. 52-54,60 

Coal fields of Maryland, Virginia, and West 

Virginia, geologic work in. 17-18 

Coal fields of Rhode Island, geologic work 

in. 14-15 

Coal fields of eastern Tennessee, geologic 

work in. 18-19,20 

Coal plants, work on. 21 

Cobalt oxide, statistics of production of... 58, 60 

Coelurid®, characters of. 240 

figures of remains of. 258, 264 

CcelurusMarsh, description of remains of 155-156 
Ccelurus agilis Marsh, figures of remains of. 264 
Coelurus fragilis Marsh, figures of remains 

of. 258 

Coke, statistics of production of. 54 

Colorado, allotments of money for geologic 

work in. 11 

allotment of money for topographic work 

in. 13 

work on Leadville mining district of... 14 

geologic work in. 25-26,29-30,31,32,33,37 

chemical analyses made of ores from... 42 

hydrographic work in.44,46 

topographic work in_ 63, 65, 66, 6S, 69, 70, 71 

Colorado Chiquito, Arizona, fossil woods 

from . 499 

Comanche series. 4G9, 470,472 

Compsognathus, description of restoration 

of. 228-229 

Compsognathus longipes Wagner, descrip¬ 
tion and restoration of. 163,228,408 

Compsognathus and Hallopus, relations of. 229 

Compression joints, description of. 671 

Compsognathidse, characters of. 240 

restoration of. 408 

Comstock, cit^d. 672 

Comptoniopteris cercalina Sap. 527 

Comptoniopteris dubia Sap. 518 






































































































892 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Comptoniopteris incisa Sap. 518 

Comptoniopteris sinuata Sap. 518 

Comptopteris. 535 

Conglomerates (basal), characters of. 721-724 

determination of plane of unconformity 

by. 728 

transformation to crystalline schists of. 731 

Conifers in the Jurassic of Portugal. 520 

Conifers in the Lower Cretaceous of Por¬ 
tugal . 533 

Coniferous wood, horizons of. 482, 499 

Connecticut, geologic work in m . 15 

Connecticut Liver sandstone, dinosaurian 

footprints on.146-147,151 

figures of footprints from.146, 252, 254 

figure of remains from. 252 

Connecticut Valley, Trias of tlie. 499 

Consolidation,'metamorphism of rocks by. 684 
Consolidation and welding, rocks modified 

by. 699 

Contee, Md., fossils found near. 503 

Cope, E. D., dinosaurian remains named by. 152 

cited. 217 

Copper, statistics of production of. 51,59 

Corallian flora of Portugal.517-520 

Coralliau flora of Prance. 530 

Coral Lag, fossil plant from. 487 

Cordilleras of the western United States, 

pre-Cambrian rocks of. 815-826 

Correlation of pre-Cambrian formations.. 737-739 
Correlation of formations in the Lake Supe¬ 
rior region. 799 

Corse, W. B., work of. 66 

Corundum, statistics of production of. 56,60 

Cotton States and International Exposition, 

work at. 42-43,61,79 

Crataeomus Seeley (= Strut!)iosaurus Ban- 
zel), geologic horizon and general 

characters of. 219 

Credneria. 536 

Creosanrus atrox Marsh, figures of remains 

of. 268,270 

Cretaceous of Italy. 500-510 

Cretaceous dinosaurs, descriptions of re¬ 
mains of. 203-226 

figures of remains of. 360-406 

Cretaceous flora of Portugal. 465,516, 518,522, 526 

table of distribution of the. 526 

Cretaceous formations of Europe and Amer¬ 
ica, preparation of paper on analo¬ 
gies between. 41 

paper by L. P. Ward on analogies be¬ 
tween. 463-542 

Cretaceous plant-bearing beds of Portugal, 

diagram of. 525, PI. CV 

Crevices in rocks, conditions of closing of. 590-594 
Cripple Creek mining district, Colorado, 

geologic work in. 33 

chemical analyses made of ores from... 42 

Crocodilia and Dinosauria, relationship be¬ 
tween . 232-237 

Croffut, W. A., work of. 79 

Cronin, Daniel W., work of.•. 78 

Crosby, W. O., cited. 670 

Cross, Whitman, work of. 32 


Page. 

Cross cleavage, character and cause of... 642-643 

Cross fissility, definition of. 644 

figure of. 657 

“Crow’s nests’’ (concavities in fossil cy- 

cads). 485, 489,509 

Crystallization, unconformity determined 

by degree of. 727-728 

Ctenidium. 534 

Ctenidium dentatum Heer. 527 

Ctenidium integerrimum Ueer. 527 

Ctenis. 534 

Ctenophyllum. 521 

Ctenopteris ultima Sap. 527 

Cushing, H. P., cited on geology of region 

about Glacier Bay, Alaska ... 433, 434, 435 
cited on velocity of Muir Glacier, 

Alaska. 445 

Cussonia ? lacerataSap. 527 

Cycadacae. 486, 503 

Cycadese of the Portland dirt beds. 489 

Cycadea imolensis Solms. 506 

Cycadean trunks examined. 484- 

487, 501, 502,503, Pis. XC1X, C, Cl 

Cycadeoidea abequidensis Dawson. 487 

Cycadeoidea Bianconiana Mass. 506 

Cycadeoidea Capelliniana Solms. 505 

Cycadeoidea Carruthersi Ward. 482. 486 

Cycadeoidea Cocchiana (Camel) Solms- 506 

Cycadeoiaea Emmonsi (Font.) Ward. 487 

Cycadeoidea etrusca Cap. and Solms. 505 

Cycadeoidea Gibsoni (Carr.) Ward. 482, 487 

Cycadeoidea inclusa (Carr.) Schimp. 482,487 

Cycadeoidea intermedia Lanz. 506 

Cycadeoidea Maraniana (Scarab.) Solms ... 506 

Cycadeoidea Masseina Cap. and Solms. 467, 

504,506, 509, PI. CIII.510 

Cycadeoidea maxima (Carr.) Solms. 482,487 

Cycadeoidea megalophylla Buckl_ 482, 485.486 

Cycadeoidea microphylla Buckl.. 482,484, 485, 486 

Cycadeoidea Montiana Cap_ k . 467, 

508,509, 510, PI. CIV, fig. 1 

Cycadeoidea Morierei (Len.) Ward. 482,486 

Cycadeoidea Peacbii (Carr.) Solms. 487, 

Cycadeoidea Pirazzoliana Mass. 506 

Cycadeoidea portlandica (Carr.) Solms... 482, 486 

Cycadeoidea Saxbyana (li. Br.) Morr. 482,487 

Cycadeoidea Scarabellii (Mgh.) Cap. and 

Solms. 506 

Cycadeoidete. 503 

Cycadeostrobus Brunonis Carr. 482 

Cycadeostrobus crassus Carr. 482 

Cycadeostrobus elegans Carr. 482 

Cycadeostrobus ovatus Carr. 482 

Cycadeostrobus truncatus Carr. 482 

Cycadeostrobus tumidus Carr. 483 

Cycadeostrobus Walkeri Carr. 483 

Cycadites gramineus Phillips. 515 

Cycadites pygnneus Sap. 527 

Cycadites tenuisectus Sap. 527 

Cycads in the Jurassic of Portugal. 520 

Cycads in the Lower Cretaceous of Portugal 533 

Cycas. 488 

Cyelopitys Delgadoi Sap. 527 

Cyclopteris. 535 

Cyclopteris tenuestriata Heer. 527 


/ 




































































































INDEX. 


893 


Page. 

Cylindrites curvulus Heer. 518 

Cylindrites lusitanicus Heer. 518 

Cylindrites sp. Heer. 518 

Czekanowskia nervosa Heer. 527 

D. 

Dackcnhausen, F. W. von, work of. 78 

Dale, T. Nelson, work of. 16 

paper on structural details in tho Green 
Mountain region and eastern New 

York by. 543-570 

cited. 600, 601, 645, 

649, 655, 662,664, 668,677, 718, 832, 833, 834 

Dali, W. H, work of. 39-40 

Dakota group, geologic place and plant 

remains of. 469, 

510, 512,531, 532, 539 

Dana, J. D., cited. 503, 

592, 607, 615, 662, 835 

Daniell, Alfred, cited. 637 

Darwin, Charles, cited. 584 

Darwin, Charles C., work of. 86 

Darwin, G. H., cited. 848 

Dart on, N. II., work of. 17,22,23 

cited. 840 

Daubree, A., cited. 634, 644, 670, 671 

Davis, Arthur P., work of. 44,46,47,48 

Davis, C. D., abstracts of disbursements 

made by. 108-130 

Dawson, A. B., work of. 79 

Dawson, G. M., cited on geology of region 

about Glacier Bay, Alaska. 434 

Dawson. Sir William, paleontologic work 

of. 470,503 

Day, David T., work of. 49, 61 

Deformation, movement of rock materials 

under. 589-603 

in the zone of flowage. 696 

in the zone of fracture. 696-698 

of igneous rocks. 709 

Delgado, J. F. N., geologic work of. 515 

Delgadopsis. 534,536 

Delgadopsis rhizostigma Sap. 527 

De Stefani, cited. 500 

Dewalquea. 539 

Dicksonia elongata Yok. 484 

Diclonius Cope (=Trachodon Leidy and 

Hadrosaurus Leidy) remains of.... 224 

Dicotyledons, the earliest. 465,510 

Mesozoic. 511 

origin of the. 513 

in the Lower Cretaceous of Portugal. 533,534 

Dicotylopliyllum. 534, 539 

Dicotylopliyllum cerciforme Sap. 527, 539 

Dicotylopliyllum corrugatum Sap- 527, 531, 539 

Dicotylopliyllum hederaceum Sap. 527,539 

Dicotylopliyllum lacerum Sap. 527 

Dictyophyllum. 511 

Dictyophyllum Roemeri Schenk. 483 

Dictyopteris anomala Sap. 527 

Dictyopteris infracretacica Sap. 527 

Dictyopteris teuella Sap. 527 

Diller, J. S., work of.34-35 

cited. 539 

Dinosauria, classification of. 237-244 


-Page. 

Dinosauria, general acceptance of Owen s 

name for. 237 

characters of.. t. 238 

Dinosauria and Aetosauria, relationship 

between. 231 

Dinosauria and Belodontia, relationship 

between. 232 

Dinosauria and Crocodilia, relationship 

between. 232-237 

Dinosauria and Hallopoda, relationship 

between. 231 

Dinosaurian footprints on Connecticut 

River sandstone, figure shewing- 146 

description of. 151 

Dinosaurs of North America, work on. 42 

paper by O. C. Marsh on.. 133-414 

diagram showing geologic horizons of.. 145 

IMnosaurs, divisions of. 143 

geologic and geographic range of.143-145 

Triassic. 146-152,248-254 

J liras sic... 152-202,256-358 

Cretaceous. 203-226,360-394 

African, Asian, and Australian forms of 226 

comparisons and restorations of. 227-237 

relationship between birds and. 237 

classification of. 237-244 

plates representing remains of. 245-414 

figures of footprints of. 254 

figures of European remains of. 408-414 

Dioonites Brongniarti (Mant.) Schenk. 483 

Dip and strike, relations of faults to. 674 

Diplodictyum. 535 

Diplodocidae, descriptions of.75-180 

characters of. 241 

figures of remains of. 294-302,322,396 

Diplodocus, descriptions of remains of... 175-180 
Diplodocus longus Marsh, figure of skull of. 177 

figure of dentary bone of. 178 

figures of remains of. 294-302, 322, 396 

Diracodon, description of. 193 

geologic horizon of. 195 

Diracodon laticeps Marsh, figures of re¬ 
mains of. 346 

Director of the Survey, field work by.37,38 

Dirt beds of the Purbeck, plants of. 481, 

485, 488, 489, 495 

Disbursements and accounts, work of divi¬ 
sion of-_. 88-130 

District of Columbia, work on areal geology 

of.22-23 

plant-bearing beds of. 523 

Documents and stationery, work on. 85 

Dodd, Mead <fc Co., pamphlet on use of Gov¬ 
ernmental maps published l>y. 85 

Doe River, Tennessee, polished slickensides 

on. 600 

disappearance of folds with increased 

depth seen on... . 601 

rocks bent without macroscopic fracture 

seen on. 602 

schistose dikes showing structural dis¬ 
cordance at. 727 

Dogger of Portugal, geologic place of. 516 

Dollo, L.,uso made of descriptions and fig¬ 
ures of Iguanodon prepared by... 230-231 
Dolomite, metasomatic alterations of. 690 

































































































894 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Douglas, E. M.. work of. 65, 66 

Dracaena Benstedi Koenig. 481, 483 

Drew, Frederick, cited.t. 478 

Drynaria. 535 

Dryosaurus, remains of species of. 198-199 

characters of. 201 

Dryosaurus altus Marsh, size and charac¬ 
ters of. 198-199 

figures of remains of. 354. 402,404 

Dryptosaurida;, geologic position and pale- 

on tologic affinities of. 203 

Dryptosaurida;, characters of. 239 

figures of remains of..• 264-268 


Dryptosaurus (La-laps), localities of. 203 

Dun, James, aid by.'. 26 

Dungenessquarry, Portland, England, plant 

remains from. 490 j 

Dwight, ~W. B., cited. 835 

Dying Glacier, Alaska, description of. 427 ! 

changes to he expected in. 442-443 | 

Dystroplia-us Cope, geologic horizon of.... 195 

Dystropha?us via-mala, discovery of re¬ 
mains of. 152 


E. 

Earth’s crust, zones of. 589-603 

Echinodermata (Mesozoic) of the United 

States, work on. 22 

Eckert, Joseph, work of. 83 

Editorial division, work of... . -79 

Educational Series of Rocks, work on.34,35 

Egan range of mountains, pre-Cambrian 

rocks of. 822 

Eldridge, George II., work of. 23,29 

Elk Garden coal field of Maryland and Vir¬ 
ginia, work in. 17 

Ells, R. W., cited. 774 

Elmore, H. IV., work of. 83 

Emack, Mr., fossil cycads found by. 503 

Emerson, B. K., work of. 15-16 

cited. 637, 694,.826, 829 

Emery, statistics of production of. 56,60 

Emilia, Italy, plant beds of. 500. 501, 503 

Emmons, E., cited. 748, 751,842, 843 

Emmons, S. F., work of. 29-31, 37 

cited. 749 


Englefield, Sir Henry C., fossil plants de¬ 


scribed in work by. 491 

Engraving and Printing, work of Division 

of. 83-84 

Eocene fauna of Maryland and Virginia. 

work on. 22 

Eolirion. 534,536 

Eolirion lusitanicum Sap. 527 

Equiseta in the Jurassic of Portugal. 520 

Equiseta in the Lower Cretaceous of Portu¬ 
gal . 533 

Equisetites Burchardii Dunk. 483.527,530 

Equisetites Lyelli (Mant.) Morr. 483 

Equisetites Yokoyama; Sew. 483 

Equisetum. 521 

Equisetum deperditum Sap. 518 

Equisetum lusitanicum Heer. 518 

Equisetum pseudo-hoereuse Sap. 518 

Equisetum sp. Sap. 527 

Equisetum striatulum Sap. 518 


Page. 

Equisetum tenue Sap. 518 

Erbacli, John, work of. 79 

Etruscan Necropolis at Marzabotto, cycad 

on tomb at. 505 

Eucalyptus. 534, 539 

Eucalyptus angusta Sap. 527, 531 

Eucalyptus Cboft'ati Sap. 527 

Eucalyptus Geinitzi Heer. 531 

Eucalyptus proto-Geinitzi Sap. 527 

Euphorbia. 536 

European dinosaurs, comparisons of with 

American forms. 185-186 

figures of remains of. 408-414 

Euskelesaurus Huxley, geologic horizon and 

paleontologic affinities of. 196 

Evans, Henry C., work of. 83 

Ewing, J. A., cited.. 873 

Expenditures, detailed statement of. 90-130 

F. 

False bedding, occurrence of. 559 

Fan-shaped folds. 605-607, 609 

Farmer, R. A., work of. 77 

Faults, origin of. 672-674 

figures of. 673 

expansion and contraction as relatedto. 674 

strike and dip as related to. 674 

folds as related to. 674-676 

zone affected by. 677 

stratigraphy as related to. 678 

Fault slip, character and cause of. 645 

Felch, M. P., diuosaurian remains found 

by..............__ 165,187 

Feldspar, statistics of production of. 58 

production of cleavage by. 635 

metasomatic alterations of. 689-690 

Felix, Johannes, paleontologic work of. 499 

Ferns (fossil/ of Portugal. 520,533 

Ferruginous chert, origin and character 

of. 701-702,706 

Fibrous talc, statistics of production of. 60 

Field work in pre-Cambrian rocks, practical 

methods of. 739-742 

Financial statement:. 89 

Fissility, development in homogeneous 

rocks of. 643-646 

(cross) definition of. 644 

development in heterogeneous rocks 

of . 645-654 

figure showing cross and parallel. 652 

rotation of. 652-653 

relations between cleavage and. 654-656 

relation of bedding to. 656-659 

(cross) figured. 657 

(parallel) figured. 657 

in Lake Superior region. 803-805 

causes and character of. 872-874 

Fissility and cleavage, definition and causes 

of. 633-635 

in heterogeneous rocks. 646-654 

gradation between. 654-655 

relations between. 654-656 

relations of other structures to. 656-661 

relation of thrust faults to. 659-660 

relations of thickness of strata to_ 660-661 










































































































INDEX. 


895 


Rage. 

Fitch, Charles H., work of... 76 

Fitton, William, cited. 474, 

475, 477, 478, 470. 481,485, 489. 490,494 

Fittonia squamata Carr. 488 

Fletcher, L. P., work of.. 66 

Flint, statistics of production of. 58-59, 60 

Floras of the Lower Cretaceous of England 

and America compared. 480 

Florida, allotment of money for geologic 

work in. 11 

geologic work in. 39 

photographic work in. 79 

Flow and fracture of rocks, combination 

of. 601-603 

conditions of. 845-859 

paper by L. M. Hoskins on. 845-874 

Flowage and plasticity in .the earth’s crust, 

zone of. 594-601 

Fluorspar, statistics of production of. 57-60 

Foerste, A. F., diagram prepared by. 569 

Fold, limit of use of term. 625 

Folding, stratigraphic evidential value of.. 586 

changes accompanying. 631 

relations between unconformity and. 632-633 

in Lake Superior region, types of_ 800-801 

t obliteration of unconformity by. 832 

Folds, inclined and overturned. 549-553 

vertical disappearance of. 555-556 

transverse. 553-554 

parallel.*. 599 

analysis of. 603-633 

causes of. 604 

simple. 604-607 

fan-shaped. 605-607, 609 

composite. 607-626 

normal. 613-615 

abnormal... 615-621 

causes modifying forms of. 621-624 

complex. 626-633 

relations of thrust faults to. 674-676 

in Lake Superior region. 800-801 

Folkestone beds, geologic place of. 469,481 

Fontaine, W. H., work of.40,41 

cited. 472,499, 503, 510, 511, 513, 515,539 

Ftfotpriuts of dinosaurs on Triassic sand¬ 
stone of the Connecticut Talley.146- 

147,151, 254 

Forca. plant-bearing beds of.. 523 

Fortier, Samuel, work of. 48 

Fossil forests of the Purbeck and Wealden. 488 

Fossil plants of Appalachian coal fields, 

work on. 21 

Foster, cited. 750 

Fracture of rocks, character and conditions 

of. 589-594 

Fracture, limits in the earth’s crust of zone 

of. 589-594 

Fracture and flowage combined, zone of.. 601-603 

France, Wealden flora of. 481, 482 

Fredericksburg, Ya., plant-bearing beds 

near. 472,473,512.523 

Frenelopsis. 534 

Frenelopsis leptoclada Sap. 527 

Frenelopsis occidentalis Heer. 527 

Front Range, Colorado, pre-Cambrian rocks 

of. 822-823 


Page. 

Fucoides bignorieusis Mant. 483 

Fucoides sp. Bristow. 483 

Fuels, stat istics of production of. 52-55, 60 

G. 

Gannett, Henry, work of. 61.75 

summary of primary triangulation exe¬ 
cuted by the United States Geo¬ 
logical Survey between the years 

1882 and 1894 by. 875-865 

Gannett, S. S , work of. 62. 63. 67, 76 

Gardner, J. Starkie, paleontologic work of.. 481 

Gaspe Peninsula, pre-Cambrian rocks of... 810 

Gault, position of the. 469, 479, 513,524 

flora of the. 480-482, 499, 514,530 

Gay Head, Mass., character and geologic 

place of plant-bearing beds of_ 478, 524 

Geanticlines and geosynclines, definitionsof 607 

Geology, work of Division of. 14-37 

Geikie Glacier, Alaska, description of_ 428,433 

Geikie, Sir Archibald, cited. 500,561, 733,751 

General Land Office, work performed for ... 62 

Geologic Atlas, completed folios of. 81 

forthcoming folios of. 81,82 

scale of publication of. 82 

determination of plan of distribution of 82 

Geologic Branch, work of 1. 14-61 

Geologic folios, report of progress in engrav¬ 
ing of. 83-84 

Geologic work, allotments to. li 

Georgia, allotments of money for geologic 

work in. u 

allotment of money for topographic 

work in. 13 

geologic work in. 19 

work on gold deposits of. 21-22 

topographic work in. 62,65.68,69,71 

photographic work in. 79 

Geosynclines and geanticlines, definitions of 697 

Gerdine, T. G., work of. 06 

Germany, Wealden flora of. 481,482 

Gilbert, G. K., work of.25-27 

aid by. 591 

cited. 848 

Gilcrest, W. M., aid by. 49 

Gill, De Lancey W., work of . 78 

Girdled Glacier, Alaska, description of... 446-448 

Girty, G. H., work of. 38 

Glacier Bay, Alaska, and its glaciers, paper 

by H. F. Reid on.415-461 

description of general features of_ 423-425 

islands of. 425-426 

inlefs and glaciers of. 426-433 

table showing dimensions of glaciers at. 433 

geology of region of. 433-438 

recent geologic history of. 438-440 

fossils of. 433-434 

sand and gravel deposits of. 434-438 

recent geologic history of.438-440 

changes to be expected in glaciers of. 442 -445 

animal life of. 451 

soundings, temperatures, and analyses 

of waters of. 452-458 

tidal observations at. 458-459 

methods of topographic survey at_ 459-461 
































































































896 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Glaciers, explanation of lioles in ice of_ 448-450 

Gleehoma. 536 

Glossozamites. 533 

Glossozamites brevior Sap. 527 

Glossozamites diloceratus Sap. 527 

Glossozamites modestior Sap. 527 

Gold-bearing ores of Mercur mining district, 

Utah,geologic examinations of. 31 

Gold deposits of Georgia and the G'arolinas, 

work on. 21-22 

paper prepared on. 22 

Gobi deposits of La Plata Mountains, Colo¬ 
rado, examination of. 32-33 

Gold fields of the Southern Appalachians, 

work in. 14, 21-22 

Gold mining district of Cripple Creek, Colo¬ 
rado, geologic work in.... 33 

Gold and silver, statistics of production of. 51,59 
Goode, G. Brown, aid in purchase of fossil 

plants rendered by. 485 

Goode, R. U., work of. 66 

Goodrich, H. B., work of. 20 

Gordon, R. O., work of. 66 ,77 

Gosselet, J., cited on slaty cleavage. 560 

Government Printing Office, acknowledg¬ 
ments to. 8 

Grafton. N. Y., sketch showing relation of 
bedding, jointing, and cleavage in 

ledge at. 568 

Grand Canyon of the Colorado, pre-Cam- 

' brian rocks of. 825 

Grand Pacific Glacier, Alaska, description 

of.;. 432.433 

Granularia repanda Heer. 518 

Graphite, statistics of production of.58,60 

Grassi, Count Giuseppe Ippolito, fossil 

plant collected by. 502 

Gray wacke, origin and character of. 700-701 

Great Falls, Mont., Kootanie formation at. 469 
Great Northern region of Canada, rocks 

of.’.. 807-809 

Greenland, Cretaceous floraof. 481, 

482,510, 512, 530-532, 536 
Green Mountain region and eastern New 
York, structural details of geology 

of. 543-570 

inclined and overturned folds in. 549-553 

Green Mountains, anticlinoria and syncli- 

noria of. 613 

geologic structure in. 632 

pre-Cambrian rocks of. 827-829 

Grindstones, statistics of production of.56,60 

Griswold, W. T., work of. 63, 66 

Griinerite-scbist, origin and character of. 702, 706 

Guatemala, pre-Cambrian rocks of. 825 

Gulliver, F. I*., work of. 25 

Gutbiera angustiloba Presl. 518 

Gypsum, statistics of production of. 56, 60 

H. 

Hackett, Merrill, work of. 64 

Hadrosaurus Leidy (=Trachodon Leidy 

and Diclonius Cope), remains of.... 224 

structural difference between Claosau- 

rus and. 224 


Page. 

Hadrosaurida* (= Trachodontidae), charac¬ 
ters of. 244 

Hague, Arnold, work of. 33 

cited... 7 49 

Hainaut of Belgium, geologic place of- 481,482 

Hall, James, cited. 750 

Hallopidae, characters of. 240-241 

Hallopidae, figures of remains of. 236 

Haliopoda, relationship between Dinosau- 

ria and. 231 

characters of. 240-241 

Hallopus Marsh, sizeand character of. 153-155, 201 
Hallopus, relations between Compsogua- 

tlius and... 229 

Hallopus victor Marsh, description of re¬ 
mains of. 153-155 

figure of leg and foot of. 154 

restorations of fore and hind limbs of. 231-233 

. restorations of. 256 

Hanover Point, Isle of Wight, fossil wood 

at. 493,496 

Harker, Alfred, cited. 634,648,870 

Harrison, D. C., work of. 65, 77 

Harroun, P. E., work of. 47 

Hastings, England, remains of fossil plants 

at. 481,492 

Hastings district (Ontario, Canada) of pre- 

Cambrian rocks, geology of. 773-775 

Hastings sands, character and fossils of.. 477, 482 

Hatcher, J. B., aid by. 207, 211 

Hauterivian, geologic place of. 469 

Hawkins, G. T., work of. 62,67,77 

Hay, Robert, work of. 44-45, 47 

Hayden, F. V., dinosaurian remains' found 

by. 225 

Hayes, C. W., cited on geology of region 

about Glacier Bay, Alaska. 434 

work of. 18-20 

Hedera. 539 

Hedermphyllum. 539 

Heer, Oswald, cited. 514,515, 516, 523, 535,536 

Heim, Albert, acknowledgments to. 589 

cited. 590, 609, 611, 620, 634, 657 

Helmsdale, Scotland, fossil plant from. 487 

Hepatic,* in the Lower Cretaceous of Por- * 

tugal. 533 

Herrick, F. H., Protococcus nivalis in Alas¬ 
kan waters identified by. 451 

cited. 750 

Hill, R. T., work of. 27-28,44-45, 48 

Hillebrand, W. F., work of. 42 

Hillers, J. K., work of. 79 

Hills, R. C., work of. 32 

Hitchcock, Edward, dinosaurian remains 

described and figured by. 147 

cited. 748,749, 756 

Hiwassee River, Tennessee, curved fissility 

seen in Ocoee series on. 653 

tension joints in gray waclces of. 669 

Hobbs, W. H., cited. 666, 832, 833 

Hollick, Arthur, aid by. 40,41 

w r ork on fossil plants by . . 470,540 

Holman, Paul, work of. 66 

Holmes, J. A., aid by. 40 

Hoosac Mountain, Massachusetts, section 

across. 831 




























































































INDEX. 


897 


Page. 

Hornblende, production of cleavage by. 635 

Hornblende-gneiss, origin and character of. 706 

Hornblende-schist, origin and character 

of. 703,706 

Hoskins, L. M., acknowledgments to. 589 

cited. 590- 


591, 592, 594, 637, 638, 641, 643, 648, 649, 654 
paper on fl ow and fracture of rocks by. 845-874 
Hugh Miller Glacier, Alaska, description 


of. 429,430,433 

changes to be expected in. 442 

Hunter, H. Chadwick, work of. 78 

Hulke, J. W., dinosaurian structure, deter¬ 
mined by. 230 

Hypsilophodon restored by. 230 

Hungary, Liassic flora of. 482, 484, 530, 535 

Huxley, T. H., restoration of Compsogna- 

thus made by. 229 

dinosaurian structure determined by .. 230 

cited. 475 

Hyde, Geo. E., work of. 64 

Hydrographic work in Colorado. 25-26 

Hydrography, work of Division of.43-49 

Hymenophyllites. 520 

Hymenophyllites ambiguus Sap. 518 

Hymenophyllites crenilobus Sap. 518 

Hymenophyllites gracilis Sap. 518 

Hymenophyllites tenellinervis Sap. 518 

Hyperodapedon. 475 

Hypsilophodon Eoxii Huxley, description 

of restoration of.• 230 

restoration of. 230, 412 

Hypsilophodon Huxley, characters of.... 199, 226 

restoration of. 199, 412 

Laosaurus consors allied to. 202 

Hypsilophodontidae, characters of. 244 

restoration of. 412 


I. 

Ichthyosaurus campylodon Cap. 500 

Idaho, allotment of money for geologic work 

in. 11 

allotment of money for topographic work 

in. 13 

geologic work in. 14,23, 29 

hydrographic work in.44, 47 

topographic work in. 66,68,70,71 

Idice River, Italy, plant remains from. 501,502, 510 

Igneous rocks, cleavage in. 635,642 

deformation of .'. 709 

metamorphism of. 709-716 

Iguanodon, geologic horizon and paleon- 

tologic allies of. 226 

Iguanodon Bernissartensis Boulenger, de¬ 
scription of restoration of. 230-231 

outline restoration of. 414 

lauanodon tidfe, American representatives 

of. 226 

characters of. 244 

restoration of. 414 

Illinois, allotments of money for geologic 

work in. 11 

geologic work in. 24, 25 

Illustrations, work of Division of. 78-79 

India, Jurassic beds of. 482, 484 

16 GEOL, PT 1-57 


Page. 


Indiana, geologic work in. 24 

Indian Territory, paleontologic work in.... 27 

surveys in. 72-77 

pre-Cambrian rocks of. 815 

Infralias of Portugal, plant remains from... 517, 


518-520 


Infravalanginian of Portugal, plant-bearing 

deposits of. 523 

Infusorial earth, statistics of production of. 59, 60 

Injection, metamorphism of rocks by. 686 

rocks modified by. 700 

Iodine, statistics of production of. 57 

Iowa, geologic work in. 24 

Ipswich beds of Australia, plant remains 

from. 530 

Iron and steel, statistics of production of. 50-51,59 
Iron-bearing formations of the Lake Supe¬ 
rior region, geologic work on. 23-24 

Iron ore series of the Potomac formation... 473 

Irving, R. D., cited. 716, 760, 761 

Island series of the Potomac formation_ 473, 

515, 523, 524, 531, 532, 533 * 

Isle of Portland, fossil plant remains from. 470, 

484,487, 492, 495 

Isle of Wight, fossil plant remains from... 470, 

477, 478, 487, 505 

fossil forests of the. 491, 492, 493,496 

geological map and section of the. 480, 

PI. CXYIII 

Isoetes.,. 533 

Isoetes Chofl'ati Sap. 527 

Italy, Cretaceous beds of. 500,501, 503, 510 


J. 


Jackson, Washington County, N. Y., figure 
showing differential cleavage in 


ledge at. 561 

Jamaica, Yt., section at. 558 

James River, plant-bearing beds of. 473, 511 

James River series of the Potomac forma¬ 
tion, character and fossils of. 472, 

473,480, 481, 482,522, 524,530,531 

Japan, Mesozoic flora of. 482,484,530 

Jannettaz, E., cited on cleavage. 565 

Jaspilite, origin and character of. 701-702, 706 

Jeanpaulia. 535 

Jenkins, Dr., fossil plants presented by. 503 

Jenney, W. P., aid by. 41 

Jennings, J. E., work of. 64 

Johns Hopkins Glacier, Alaska, descrip¬ 
tion of. 432,433 

Johnson, Charles W., aid by. 40 

Johnson, W. D., work of. 66 

Johnston, Christopher, remains of Astro- 

don named by. 164 

Joints, origin of. 668-671 

zone affected by. 672 

relations of stratigraphy to. 672 

Jones, Charles C., work of. 79 

Jukes and Geikie, cited. 721 

Jungermannites vetustior Sap. 527 

Jura Mountains, polished slickensides in.. 600 

fan folds in. 605-607 

Jurassic, flora of the. 482, 484, 530 






























































































898 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Jurassic of Portugal, fossil plants from_ 516, 

517,518 (table), 526-229 


(supposed) of Virginia. 511 

of Japan, plants from. 530 

Jurassic dinosaurs, descriptions of remains 

of. 152-202 

figures of remains of. 256-358,396-406 

Jurassic fossils, study of. 39 

Jurassic plants extending into the Weal- 

den . 482,484 


K. 


Kaighn, J. F., work of. 86 

Kansas, allotment of money for geologic 

work in. 11 

geologic work in. 26-27 

hydrographic work in. 44,45,47 

Cheyenne sandstone of. 487 

Dakota group of. 512 

Keith, Arthur, work of. 19, 20 

cited. 640, 839, 840 

Keuper of Lunz, Austria, American equiv¬ 
alent of. 517 

Keweenawan series of rocks of the Lake 

Superior region, description of... 794-796 
unconformity between Cambrian and .. 807 

unconformity between Upper Huronian 

and. 807 

Kimmeridge clays, geologic equivalents of 484, 522 

Kimmeridgian (France), plants of. 530 

(Portugal), geologic equivalents of 517, 520,530 

King, Clarence, cited. 748, 749, 847 

Kingbarrow quarry, Portland, plant re¬ 
mains from. 490,495 

Knowlton, F. H., work of.41-42 

remains of buried Alaskan trees identi¬ 
fied by. 451 

fossil plants identified by_ 494, 495,496,499 

Knoxville (California) beds, studies of fos¬ 
sils from. 39 

Kome beds of Greenland, flora of the. 481, 

482, 510, 536 


Kootanie beds, character, localities, and 

fossils of. 469,470, 472, 480,481,482, 530-532 
Krapf, drawing of type specimen of Comp- 

sognathus longipes furnished by... 228 

Kiibel, S. J., work of. 83 


L. 


Labrosauridse, characters of. 239 

figures of remains of. 270 

Labrosaurus feroxMarsh, figuresof remains 

of... 270 

Labrosaurus fragilis Marsh, figures of re¬ 
mains of. 270 

Labrosaurus sulcatus Marsh, figures of re¬ 
mains of. 270 

Laccopteris pulchella Heer. 527 

Lacoe collection of Carboniferous coal 

plants, work cn. 21 

Lake Superior region, allotment for geologic 

work in. 11 

geologic work in. 23-24 

geology of. 780-807 


Page. 

Lake Superior region, Archean of. 781-783 

Lower Huronian of. 783-787 

Upper Huronian of. 787-792 

alteration of Lower and Upper Huronian 

in . 792-794 

Keweenawan of. 794-796 

Cambrian of. 796 

correlation of formations in.. 796-799 

geologic principles illustrated in. 799-807 

Land Office, work performed for. 62 

Lakes, Arthur, dinosaurian remains found 

by. 164 

Laosauridie, descriptions of characters of 

genera of. 198-199 

characters of. 243 

figures of remains of. 354, 358, 402 

Laosaurus Marsh, characters of species of. 199 

characters of. 201 

Laosaurus altus Marsh, remains of. 198 

Laosaurus celer Marsh, characters of. 199 

Laosaurus consors Marsh, size and geologic 

horizon of. 199 

description of restoration of. 202 

figure of left hind leg of. 233 

figures of remains of. 354,402 

restoration of. 358 

Laosaurus gracilis Marsh, characters of_ 199 

La Plata Mountains, Colorado, examination 

of gold deposits of.32-33 

La Penotifere, F. J., aid by. 40 

Lapparent, A., cited. 469.500,503 

Laugel, August, cited. 874 

Laurentian district (the Original), limits 

and rocks of. 766-771 

correlation of rocks of. 769-770 

Laurophyllum. 539 

Laurus. 534,539 

Laurus attenuata Sap. 527 

Laurus palfeocretacea Sap. 527 

Laurus notandia Sap. 527 

Lawson, Andrew C., work of. 36 

cited... 637, 712, 749 

Lea, Isaac, dinosaurian remains described 

and figured by. 147 

Lead, statistics of production of. 51, 59 

Leadvillemining district, Colorado, geologic 

work in. 14, 29-30, 31 

chemical analyses made of ores from.... 42 

Le Conte, Joseph, cited. 662, 673 

Leguminosites infracretacicus Sap. 527 

Leidy, Joseph, dinosaurian remains de¬ 
scribed and figured by. 147, 224,225 

Lelli, Ercole, fossil drawn and engraved by. 502 
Lenox, Mass., overturned anticline at. 549-550, 552 

Leverett, Frank, work of. 24-25 

Lias, flora of the. 482, 484,516-520,530, 535. 538 

Library, work of the.86-88 

Lieber, cited. 748,754,842 

Lindgren, Waldemar, work of. 35-36 

Lippincott, J. B., work of. 46 

Liriodendropsis. 540 

Liriodendropsis lacerata Sap. sp. 540,542 

Liriodendropsis simplex Newb. 540, 542 

Liriodendropsis simplex angustifolia 

Newb. 540,542 























































































INDEX. 


899 


Page. 

Liriodendropsis simplex constricta Rollick. 540 


Lisbon, Mesozoic deposits near. 515 

Lithological character of formations, struc¬ 
tural value of. 736-737 

Lj ungstedt, O. A., work of. 80 

Logan, cited.,. 775,776 

Logan and Murray, cited. 776,778 

Lonchopteris lusitanica Sap. 527 

Long Island. Cretaceous plant-bearing beds 

of. 473,523.524 

Louisiana, paleontologic work in.27-28 

Lovell, W. H., work of. 64 

Lower Cretaceous (America), plants of. 513, 

530,531, 532,533 

(England), plants of. 482 

(Italy)., plants of. 500,501,503 

(Portugal), plants of. 513 526-530 


Lower Greensand, geologic equivalents and 

plants of. 469, 474, 481,482, 487,499,523 

Lower Huronian rocks of the Lake Superior 

region, character and thickness of. 783-787 


alterations of. 792-794 

Lower Marquette series of Michigan, clos¬ 
ing of fractures in. 602 

Luccomb Chine, Isle of Wight, plants from. 487 

Lucina pomntn. 510 

Lunz, Austria, Keuper beds of. 517 

Lycopodites. 533 

Lyeopodites Francheti Sap. 527 

Lycopodites gracillimus Sap. 527 

Lycopodites Limai Sap. 527 

Lydekker, Richard, sauropod described by 185 
Lyme Regis, England, plants from. 487 

M. 

McChesney, .John I)., work of. 88 

abstracts of disbursements made by.. 90-107 

McCord, J. L., work of. 86 

McGee, W. J., cited. 472,473,499 

McKee, R. H., work of. 66 

McKinney, R. C., work of. 66 

Macrotfeniopteris. 521 

Madrid® (Tertiary) monograph prepared 

on. 40 

Madison River, Montana, figure of exposure 

of gneissoid granite on. 818 

Magnesite, statistics of production of.59, 60 

Magnolia.-. 534 

Magnolia Delgadoi Sap. 527 

Maine, allotment of money for topographic 

work in. 13 

topographic work in. 62, 64, 68, 69 

Malm of Portugal, plants of. 516 

Manganese, statistics of production of.51,60 

Manhattan formation, character of. 835,836 

Manning, Tan H., work of.65, 77 

Mantell, Gideon, cited. 474, 

475, 476,477, 478, 481,488, 492,493, 494 

Mantellia. 509 

Mantovani, Pio, cited. 500 

Maps (geologic), work on. 80 

completed folios of. 81 

forthcoming folios of. 81,82 

scale of publication of. 82 

determination of plan of distribution of. 82 


Page 

Maps (topographic), mode of preparation of 

manuscript of.82-83 

Marattia minor Sap. 527 

Marble, origin and character of. 703-704 

Marchantites Zeilleri Sew. 481-483 

Margerie (de) and Heim, cited. 604, 610 

Marion, A. F., cited. 540 

Mariposa slates, California, determination 

of age of..,_ 35 

Marls, production of. 56,60 

Marquette iron district of Lake Superior 

region, geologic work in.23-24 

abnormal synclinorium of. 625 

rocks of. 784,789 

Marr, J. E., cited. 569 

Marshall, R. B., work of_•.. 66 

Marsh, 0. C., work of. 42 

paper on the dinosaurs of North Amer¬ 
ica by. 133-414 

aid by. 512 

Marthas Vineyard, Mass., geologic work at. 39 

Cretaceous plant-bearing beds of. 473, 

478, 523, 524 

Marvine, A. R., cited. 748,749 

Maryland, allotments of money for work in. 11 

allotment of money for topographic 

work in. 13 

geologic work in. 17,40 

work on Eocene fauna of. 22 

work on fossil flora of. 41 

hydrographic work in.'45, 49 

topographic work in. 64, 68, 69 

fossil cycads of. 484,503 

Potomac beds of. 513 

pre-Cambrian rocks of....... 838 

Marzabotto, Italy, fossil cycad on tomb at.. 505 

Mashing, metamorphism of rocks by_ 694-698 

rocks modified by. 704 

Massachusetts, allotments of money for 

geologic work in. 11 

geologic work in. 15-16 

trappean rocks discovered and mapped 

in. 15 

work on geology of road-buihling stones 

of. 15 

geologic work in. 39 

Lower Cretaceous of. 513 

pre-Cambrian rocks of. .. 829-833 

Massei, Count Francesco, aid by. 501. 504, 510 

Matawan formation. New Jersey equivalent 

of. 479 

Mather, W. W., cited. 560,748,750 

Matonidium Goepperti (Ett.) Schenk. 483, 527, 530 

Matta, Portugal, plant-bearing beds near ... 523 

Maynard, Washburn (Lieutenant-Com¬ 
mander U. S. S. Pinta), aid by. 422 

Meade, Elwood, aid by. 49 

Medicine Bow Mountains, pre-Cambrian 

rocks of. 817-818 

Megadactylus polyzelus, discovery of re¬ 
mains of. 147 

Megalosaurid®, characters of. 239 

Meleagris gallipavo Linn., figures of bones 

of....'. 360 

Mendon (Vermont) series of rocks. 827-828 


» 

































































































900 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Menispermites. 539 

Menispermites cercidifolius Sap. 527, 539 

Menispermites virginiensis Font. 539 

Menominee district of Michigan, rocks of.. 784 
Mercur mining district, Utah, geologic 

work in. 31 

chemical analyses made of ores from... 42 

Meredith, Harry "W., work of. 86 

Merriam, J. C., work of. 37 

Merriam, W. N., work of. 23 

Merrill, F. J. H., cited. 834-836 

Metals, statistics of production of. 50-52,59 

Mesozoic of Portugal, flora of. 510-542 

correlation table of. 525 

Mesozoic dicotyledons. 511 

Mesozoic Echinodermata of the United 

States, work on. 22 

Mesozoic fossils, examinations of. 39 

Metallic paint, statistics of production of.. 57 

Metamorpbic igneous rocks, enumeration 

of. 710 

relations of stratigraphy to. 714-716 

comparison of sedimentary rocks with 710-714 
Metamorphic sedimentary rocks, enumera¬ 
tion and descriptions of. 698-707 

relations of stratigraphy to. 707-708 

comparison of metamorphic igneous 

rocks with. 710-714 

Metamorphism, processes of. 709-710 

Metamorphism of igneous rocks. 709-716 

Metamorphism of sedimentary rocks, char¬ 
acter and causes of. 683 

processes of... 683-698 

consolidation as a process of. 684 

welding as a process of. 684 

cementation as a process of. 684-686 

injection as a process of. 686 

cementation and injection as a process 

of. 686-688 

metasomatism as a process of. 689-694 

mashing as a process of. 695-698 

Metasomatism, metamorphism of rocks 

by. 689-694 

rocks modified by. 700-704 

Meyer, C. J. A., cited. 474,476,478 

Meyer, H. von, dinosaurs first classified by. 237 

Mica, statistics of production of. 58,60 

Mica-gneiss, origin and character of. 706 

Mica-schist, origin and character of. 705-706 

Mica-slate, origin and character of. 705 

Michigamme iron district of Lake Superior 

region, geologic work in.23-24 

Microdictyon Dunkeri Schenk. 483 

Microdictyon parvulum Sap. 518 

Microlepia plnripartita Sap. 527 

Middle Potomac, plants of. 539 

Mills, F. J., aid by.... 47 

Millstones, statistics of production of.56, 60 

Minchin’s Statics, cited. 850, 856 

Mineral pigments, statistics of productions 

of. 57-58,60 

Mineral Resources, work of Division of ... 49-61 
Mineral waters, statistics of production of.. 59, 60 
Minnesota, allotment of money for topo¬ 
graphic work in. 13 


Page. 

Minnesota, hydrographic work in. 45 

topographic work in. 64, 65,68, 69 

Mississippi, Tertiary fossils collected in ... 39-40 

Mississippi, Tuscaloosa formation of. 513 

Mississippi region, geologic work in.23-28 

Mississippi Valley, pre-Cambrian rocks 

of.... 813-815 

Missouri, pre-Cambrian rocks of. 814 

Mochlodon Bunzel. paleontologic allies of.. 226 

Moletein, Moravia, plants of. 514 

Mollhausen, Balduin, cited. 499 

Monoelonius Cope, characters of. 217 

Monocotyledons (fossil), of Portugal. 520,533,534 


Monsanto, Portugal, plant-bearing beds at . 523 

Montana, allotment of money for geologic 


work in. 11 

geologic work in. 28 

hydrographic work in. 47 

Kootanie of. 481 

pre-Cambrian rocks of. 818-820 

Monti, Giuseppe, cited. 501, 502, 509 


Moravia, Cenomanian flora of- 512, 514, 531, 532 


Wealden flora of. 481, 482.530 

Morosauridse, descriptions of. 181-183 

characters of. 241 

figures of remains of. 282,304-322 

Moro8aurus, discovery of remains of. 164 

descriptions of. 181-183 

Morosaurus agilis Marsh, figures of remains 

of. 304, 318 


Morosaurus grandis Marsh, figure of sternal 

plate of. 179 

figure of vertebra of. 181 

figures of remains of. 282, 

302-308,312, 314, 320-322 
Morosaurus lentus Marsh, figure of neural 

cavity in sacrum of. 182 

figure of pelvis of. 235 

figures of remains of. 308-318 

Morosaurus robustus Marsh, figures of re¬ 
mains of. 314 

Morris, John, fossil plants identified by.... 515 

Morsell, W. F., work of. 86 

Mount Greylock, Mass., microscopic section 
showing fold giving rise to cleavage 

in sericite schist at. 567 

normal anticlinorium of. 625 

section across. 831 


Mount Holly (Vermont) series of rocks.. 827-828 
Mount Vernon series of the Potomac forma¬ 


tion . 473,523, 530-533,538,539 

Mount Washington, Mass., normal anticli¬ 
norium of. 625 

cross section of. 831 

Muir Glacier, Alaska, description of. 421, 

422,427, 433, 435-436 

recent changes in. 440-442 

changes to he expected in. 443 

request for photographs of. 444-445 

velocity of. 445-446 

rate of melting of surface of. 450 

Murlin, A. E., work of. 64 

Munroe, C. E., aid by. 42 

Munroe, Hersey, work of. 64 

Murchison, Roderick, cited. 476 







































































































INDEX. 


901 


Page 

Myrica.. 534 

Myrica brookensis Font. 539 

Myrica lacera Sap. . 527 

Marica revisenda Sap. 527 

Myrsine. 534 

Myrsine borealis Heer. 539 

Myrsinophyllum. 534 ,539 

Myrsinophyllum revisendum Sap. 528,539 

Myrsinophyllum veuulosum Sap. 528 


X. 


Nageiopsis obtuaifolia Font. 531 

Nageiopsis ovata Font. 531 

Nageiopsis zamoidea Font. 531 

Nanosauridae, deacriptiona of remains of 

apeciea of. 199-201 

cbaractera of.... 244 

Nanosaurus Marsh, characters of. 201,202 


Nanosaurus agilis Marsh, description of 

remains of. 199-201 

figures of ilium and dentary hone of.... 200 

Nanosauras rex Marsh, figures of femur of.. 200 

size and geologic horizon of. 200-201 

Narragansett coal field of Rhode Island, 

geologic work in. 14-15 

Nathorst, A. G-., fossil plants described and 

figured by. 484, 535, 536 

Nathorstia valdensis Sew. 483 

National Museum, acknowledgments to ... 8 

Natural gas, statistics of production of .... 60 

Nazareth, Portugal, Vraconnian flora of.. 523-539 
Nebraska, allotment of money for topo¬ 
graphic work in. 13 

hydrographic work in.44, 47 

topographic work in. 62, 64, 65, 68, 69, 71 

Dakota group of. 512 

Neocomian flora of various countries. 481, 

422, 523,526-530. 533 

Neocomian formation, position of. 469,513 

Neo-Jurassic of Portugal.515, 517, 518-520 

Neuropteridium lacerum Sap. 518 

Neuropteridium spinulosum Sap. 528 

Neuropteridium torresianum Sap. 528 

Neuropteridium venulosum Sap. 518 

Nevada, geologic work in. 37 

hydrographic work in. 47 

New Ashford, Mass., figure showing quartz 

lenses in rocks at. 556 

Newberry, J. S., dinosaurian remains found 

by. 152 

work on fossil plants by. 470,539-540 

New Brunswick, Canada, pre-Cambrian 

rocks of. 810-811 

Newell, F. H., work of. 44-45, 49 

New England region, geologic work in.14-16 

Newer Potomac, geologic place and plant 

remains of. 479,524,539 

Newfoundland, pre-Cambrian rocks of-812-813 

New Jersey, allotments of money for geo¬ 
logic work in. 11 

geologic work in.16, 22,40 

topographic work in. 68 

Cretaceous clays of. 512,513,542 

pre-Cambrian rocks of. 836-837 

New Mexico, hydrographic work in. 44,47-48 



Page. 

Mew York, allotment of 

money for geo- 

logic work in. 


allotment of money 

for topographic 

work in. 


geologic work in. 


topographic work in .. 

. 64,68,69,71 

Lower Cretaceous of.. 


pre-Cambrian rocks in 

. 834 836 


New York (eastern) and Green Mountain 

region, structural details of.543-570 

New Zealand, Wealden flora of. 481, 482 

Nichols, H. Hobart, work of. 78 

Nickel, statistics of production of. 52, 59 

' Nicol, William, work on fossil plants by.... 499 

Niederschoena, Cenomanian flora of. 481, 

482,512, 514 

Nodosauridre, characters and geologic hori¬ 
zon of. 203, 243 

description of remains of. 225 

Nodosaurus Marsh, description of remaips 

of. 225 

Nodosaurus textilis Marsh, figures of re¬ 
mains of. 394 

Nonfossiliferous rocks, structural work in 734-739 


j Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria), structure 
of fossil wood compared with struc¬ 


ture of. 492, 494 

Normal (or gravity) fault, figure of. 673 

North Carolina, allotments of money for 

geologic work in. 11 

geologic work in. 19,20,40 

work on gold areas of. 21-22 

hydrographic work in. 45 

tin ores of. 52 

topographic work in. 71 

photographic work in. 79 

plant remains from. 487,499 

plants of coal field of. 499 

North Dakota, allotment of money for topo¬ 
graphic work in. 13 

hydrographic work in.45,48 

topographic work in. 64, 65, 68 , 69, 71 

North Range of Baraboo, Wis., curved fis- 

sility seen in. 653 

Nova Scotia, pre-Cambrian rocks of.811-812 


O. 

Ocher, statistics of production of. 58 

Ocoee series of Tennessee and Alabama, 

characters of. 840-842 

O'Hare, Daniel P., work and resignation of 78 

Ohm, F. C., work of. 34 

Oilstones, statistics of production of.56, 60 

Oklahoma, hydrographic work in. 45 

Older Mesozoic of Virginia, plants of. 499 

Older Potomac, plants of. 539 

Oleandridium tenerum Sap. 528 

Omosaurus armatus, geologic horizon of_ 196 

Omosaurus and Stegosaurus, probable iden¬ 
tity of. 229 

Onychiopsis. 522 

Onychiopsis elongata (Geyl.) Yok. 433,484 

Onychiopsis Mantelli (Brongn.) Sew. 483, 


518, 520, 528, 530, 534 
































































































902 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Oolite, flora of tire_ 482,484,515-520,530-532,535 

Oporto, Mesozoic deposits of. 515 

Oquirrh Mountains, Utah, geologic work in. 31 

Oregon, allotment of money for geologic 

tvorkin...,... 11 

allotmentof money for topographic work 

in. 13 

hydrographic work in.. 44, 48 

topographic work in. 63,66,68,71 

Original Huronian district and its northern 

extension, geology of. 775-780 

Original Laurentian district, limits and 

rocks of. 766-771 

correlation of roclis of. 769-770 

Orni Jiopoda, characters of. 143 

comparison with Stegosauria of. 194 

description of typical remains of. 200 

(American Jurassic), description of 

characters of genera of. 201-202 

distribution of. 226 

characters of.—. 243 

families and genera of. 243-244 

Ornithomimidse, characters and geologic 

horizon of. 203-204,240 

figures of remains of. 360 

Ornithomimus, characters of. 204 

Omithomimus grandis Marsh, characters of. 206 

Ornithomimus minutus, characters of. 206 

Ornithomimus velox Marsh, description of 

remains of. 204-206 

figures of remains of. 360 

Ornithoscelida, a name proposed by Huxley 

for the dinosaurs. 237 

Orogenic movements in Appalachian region, 

preparation of paper on. 18 

Orogenic movements, oblitera'ion of evi¬ 
dence of unconformity by. 731,732 

Osmunda retinenda Sap. 528 

Ostrea pseudo-africana Choff. 514 

Otozamites. 515,520,521 

Otozamites angustifolius Heer. 515 

Otozamites Mundte Morr. sp. 515,518 

Otozamites Ribeiroanus Heer. 518 

Otozamites. Terquemi Sap, ?. 518 

Otozoum, figures of footprints of. 254 

Ottawa River, disappearance of folds with 

increased depth seen on. 601 

Overturned folds, figures of. 550. 551, 552, 553 

Owen, Richard, sauropod named by. 185 

Ozocerite, statistics of production of. 60 

Ozzano, Italy, fossils found near. 501,504-505,510 

P. 

Pacific region, geologic work in.34-37 

Pacific section of topography, work of.62, 66 

Padrao, Portugal, plant beds of. 524 

Pagiophyllum... 520, 521 

Pagiophyllum cirinicum Sap. 519 

Pagiophyllum Combanum Heer. 519 

Pagiophyllum Heerianum Sap ...’. 519,528 

Pagiophyllum liasinum Sap. 519 

Pagiophyllum minus Sap.. 519 

Pagiophyllum peregrinum (L. andH.) Heer. 519, 

520, 521 

Palaeocyparis. 534 


„ Page. 

Palteocyparis flexuosa Sap.519,528 

Palaeocyparis lusitanica Sap. 519 

Palteocyparis obscura Sap. 528 

Palaeocyparis vetustior Sap. 519 

Palaeolepis. 534 

Pala;olepis bicornuta Sap. 528 

Palteolepis emarginata Sap. 528 

Palaeoscincus Leidy, geologic horizon and 

paleontologic affinities of. 195 

Palaeoscincus costatus, remains of. 225 

Palaeoscincus latus Marsh, remains of. 225 

figures of remains of. 394 

Paleobotany, work on compendium of. 41 

Paleontologic work, allotments to. 12 

in Appalachian coal fields. 21 

Paleontology, work of Division of. 37-42 

Paleozoic fossils, work on. 38 

Paleozoic plants, work on. 21 

Palissya. 521 

Palissya Braunii Endl . 519, 521 

Palissya lusitanica Sap. 519 

Parallel cleavage, character and cause of... 643 

Parallel fissility figured. 657 

Paul, E. G., work of. 34 

Payne, Robert A., work of. 83 

Pecopteridese. 535 

Pecopteris. 521, 522 

Pecopteris acutiloba Sap. 519 

Pecopteris Choffatiana Heer. 528 

Pecopteris dilacerata Sap. 528 

Pecopteris dispersa Sap. 528 

Pecopteris minntula Sap. 528 

Pecopteris obliquinervis Sap. 519 

Pecopteris stricta Sap. 519, 521 

Pecopteris strictinervis Font. 521 

Pennsylvania, pre-Cambrian rocks of. 837-838 

allotment of money for topographic 

work in .. 13 

geologic work in. 18 

topographic work in. 62,64, 68, 69 

Penokee series of rocks of the Lake Supe 

. rior region, formations of. 61 

Penrose, R. A. F., work of. 33 

Perkins, E. T., work of. 66 

Persia, Oolite of. 531. 532 

Peters, W. J., work of...65,77 

Petersburg, N. Y., figure showing threefold 

cleavage foliation in phyllitc at .... 566 

Petrographic laboratory, work of.34-35 

Petroleum, statistics of production of- 54-55, 60 

Peucedanites primordialis Sap. 528 

Phillips, John, cited. 500,515, 634 

Phlebomeris l falciformis Sap. 528 

Phlebomeris spectanda Sap. 528 

Phlebomeris Wilkommi Sap. 528 

Phosphate deposits of Tennessee, work on.. 19-20 
Phosphate rock, statistics of production of. 56, 60 

Photographic laboratory, work of. 79 

Phyllanthus. 536 

PhyUites inflexinervis Sap.... 528 

Phyllites problematicus Sap. 528 

Phyllites triplinervis Sap. 528 

Phyllocladus heterophylla Font. 531 

Phyllopteris acutifolia Sew. 483 


Piedmont Plateau of Maryland, structure of. 838 
















































































































INDEX. 


903 


Page. 


Pilsbry, H. A., aid by. 40 

“Pine raft ” (petrified logs) of the Isle of 

Wight. 492,493 

Pinites Andraei (Coem.) Gnrdn. 483 

Pinites Benstedi (Mant.) Endl. 483 

Pinites Carruthersi Gardn. 483 

Pinites cyclopterus Sap. 528 

Pinites cylindroides Gardn. 483 

Pinites Dunkeri Carr. 483 

Pinites Fittoni (Ting.) Carr. 483 

Pinites gracilis Carr. 483 

Pinites hexagonus Carr. 483 

Pinites Leckenbyi Carr. 483 

Pinites Mantelli Carr. 483 

Pinites oblongus (L. and H.)Endl. 483 

Pinites patens Carr. 483 

Pinites pottoniensis Gardn . 483 

Pinites snsexiensis (Mant.) Brongn. 483 

Pinites valdensis Gardn. 483 

Pihon range of mountains, pre-Cambrian 

rocks of. 822 

Pirsson, L. V., work of. 28 

Plan of operations for the year, submission 

and approval of. 9 

Plant remains of Appalachian coal fields, 

work on.-*.. 21 

Plasticity and flowago in the earth’s crust, 

zone of. 594-601 

Plateosauridae (Zanclodontidie), characters 

of. 239 

Plateosaurus (Zanclodon), a genus of dino¬ 
saurs, characters of. 235-236 

Platinum, statistics of production of.52,59 

Platycerium. 535 

Pleurocoelidae, descriptions of remains of.. 183-185 

characters of. 242 

figures of remains of. 324-326 

Pleurocoelus, descriptions of remains of.. 183-185 
Pleurocoelus montanus Marsh (a dinosaur), 

figures of vertebrje of. 184 

Pleurocoelus nanus Marsh, figures of re¬ 
mains of. 324,326 

Pliocene sands of Italy, exposures of. 505, 509 

Poacites. 515,520,534 

Poacites acicularis Sap. 528 

Poacites angustiformis Sap. 519 

Poacites antiquior Sap... 519 

Poacites binervius Sap. 519 

Poacites cercalinus Sap. 528 

Poacites cyperaceus Sap. 519 

Poacites exiguus Sap. 519 

Poacites gemellinervis Sap. 528 

Poacites lsevis Sap. 528 

Poacites paucinervis Sap. 528 

Poacites plurinervius Sap. 528 

Poacites plunnervulosus Sap. 528 

Poacites primordialis Sap. 519 

Poacites striatifolius Sap.519, 528 

Poacites tenellus Sap. 528 

Podozamites. 520.521. 533,534 

Podozamites ? acutus Sap. 528, 531 

Podozamites angustifolius (Eicliw.)Schimp. 531 

Podozamites ellipsoideus Sap. 528 

Podozamites gracilior Sap. 528 

Podozamites Henriquesi Sap. 528. 531 


Page. 

Podozamites lacerus Sap. 519 

Podozamites latipennis Heer. 531 

Podozamites linearis Sap. 528, 531 

Podozamites minutus Sap. 519 

Podozamites modestior Sap. 528 

Podozamites nervosus Xewb. 531 

Podozamites ? obtruncatus Sap. 519 

Podozamites oviformis Sap. 528, 531 

Podozamites sp. Sap. 519 

Pogonip range of mountains, pre-Cambrian 

rocks of. 822 

Polyonax Cope, characters of. 217 

Pombal, Portugal, plant-bearing beds at_ 524 

Populophyllum. 539 

Populophyllum renifornie Font. 531, 


538, 539, PI. CVI, figs. G, 7 


Populus primary a Heer. 510,512 

Poretta, Italy, rocks of. 510 

Porphyritic minerals, metasomatic develop¬ 
ment of. 692-649 

Portland, England, fossil tree at. 490 

Portland beds, character and fossils of .... 477, 

488. 495, 522 

Portlandian, possible plant-bearing beds of. 517 

Portland quarry, section of a. 489, fig. 68 

Portugal, Carboniferous flora of. 516 

Jurassic flora of. 482,484 

Lower Cretaceous flora of. 471, 

481,482,513,514.517 

Mesozoic of. 465, 510 

Post, W. S., work of. 66 

Potomac formation, figures *of dinosaurian 

remains from. 324, 326 

compared with the scaly clays of Italy. 503 
compared with the Wealden of England 471 
evidence of fossil plants as to the age of 

the. 512,513 

flora of the. 513, 522, 530-533 

thickness of the... 479 

correlation of Tuscaloosa formation with 40 

Potomac Itiver, hydrographic work on. 45 

plant beds on the... 523 

Potton, Cambridgeshire, England, fossil 

plants from. 487 

Pottsville series of coals in West Virginia, 

tracing of. 19 

Powell. J. W., resignation of. 7 

aid by. 512 

Pre-Cambrian formations, correlation of.. 737-739 
Pre-Cambrian geology, j>aper by C. It. Van 

Hi.se on principles of. 574-843 

Pre-Cambrian geology, historical resume of. 743- 

843 


Pre-Cambrian period, conditions prevailin 

during. 

probable duration of. 

classes of rocks of. 


581-587 
. 582 
583-584 


character of fauna of. 584 

abundance of autoclastic rocks in. 682 


Pre-Cambrian rocks, definition of limits of. 581- 


532 


character of fauna of. 582, 583-584 

character of. 583-584 

comparison of post-Cambrian rocks 

with. 584-586 






































































































904 


INDEX. 


Page 

Pre-Cambrian rocks, criteria of stratigraphy 


of. 586-587 

bedding of. 716-720 

practical methods of fieldwork in_ 739-742 

historical geology of. 743-843 

of Original Laurentian district. 766-771 

of the Adirondack district, character. 771-773 

of Canada..... 809-813 

of the Black Hills. 813-814 

of Missouri.,.. 814 

of 'Western Cordilleras. 815-826 

of Montana.,..818-820 

of British Columbia. 820 

of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado.. 825 

of southeastern New York. 834-836 

of New Jersey. 836-837 

of Pennsylvania. 837-838 

of Maryland. 838 

of the Southern Appalachians. 839-843 

differences between post-Cambrian 

rocks and. 584-586 

Precious stones, statistics of production of. 58, 60 

Predentata, definition of. 143 

suborders embraced in. 186 

descriptions of forms of. 186-202 

descriptions of remains of. 206-225 

characters of. 228, 242 

figures of remains of. 330-358, 362-406,410-414 
Pressure as related to solidity and to lique¬ 
faction . 847-848 

Priabona, Italy, rocks of. 500 

Priconodon Marsh, geologic horizon and 

paleontologic affinities of. 195 

Priconodon crassus Marsh, figures of re¬ 
mains of. 332 

Primary triangulation executed by the 
United States Geological Survey 

from 1882 to 1894, summary of_ 875-885 

instruments used in. 878,879 

expense of. 880 

degree of accuracy of. 880-881 

consideration of by districts and 

States. 881-885 

Prince Edward Island, fossil cycad from ... 487 

Proangiosperms. 513, 520,533,534, 536 

Promontory Kidge, Utah, pre-Cambrian 

rocks of. 821-822 

Prosser, C. S., work of. 26-27 

Protesephyllum. 534, 539 

Proteasphyllum reniforme Pont. 531, 

538, 539, PI. CVI, figs. 8,9 

Proteophyllum. 534,539 

Preteophyllum daphnoides Sap. 528 

Proteophyllum demersum Sap. 528 

Proteophyllum dissectnm Sap. 528 

Proteophyllum leucospermoides Sap. 528 

Proteophyllum oblongatum Sap. 528 

Proteophyllum oxyacantlnemorplmm Sap.. 528 

Proteophyllum truncatum Sap. 528 

Protococcus nivalis in Alaskan waters. 451 

Protolemna. 515 

Protophyllum. 534, 539 

Protopteris Witteana Schenk. 483 

Protorhipis. 515, 534, 535,539 

Protorhipis asarifolia Zigno. 535 


Page. 

Protorhipis Bucliii. 535, 536, PI. CVI, fig. 1 

Protorhipis Choffati Sap. 536, 

538, 539, PI. CVI, figs. 2, 3 

Protorhipis cordata Heer. 536 

Protorhipis crenata Nath. 536, PI. CVI, fig. 4 

Protorhipis iutegrifolia Nath.. 536, PI. CVI, fig. 5 

Protorhipis reniformis Heer. 536 

Pteridoleimma lacerum Sap. 519 

Pteridoleimma phycomorplia Sap. 528 

Pteridoleimma residonum Sap. 519 

Pteridoleimma spoliatum Sap. 528 

Pteridoleimma tripartitum Sap. 528 

Pterocera incerta d’Orb. 

Pteropelyx, structural differences between 

Claosaurus and. 

Pterophyllum. 521 

Pterophyllum schaumburgense Dunk. 483 

Publications received and distributed during 

the year. 85,86 

Publications sold during the year. 86 

Publication Branch, work of. 78-84 

Pumpelly, Raphael, cited. 629, 630,830, 831, 833 

Putnam, G. R., cited. 848 

Punfield beds, geologic place of. 469, 474, 479 

Purbeck of England, geologic place and 

fossils of. 469, 

474, 479, 482. 487, 488, 495, 522, 530 
Pyrites, statistics of production of.57, 60 


514 


224 


Q- 


512 


Quader beds of Germany, fossil plants of.. 

Quartz lenses in bedding planes of sericite 

schist, origin of. 556-558 

Quartzite, origin and character of. 699-700 

(schistose), origin and character of. 704 

Quartz-porphyry (mashed),thin section of. 595-596 

Quartz-schist, origin and character of. 704 

Queen Charlotte Islands, Cretaceous strata 

of. 469 

Quicksilver, statistics of production of.51, 59 

Quinta-da-Fonte-Nova, Portugal; plant- 

bearing beds at. 523 

R. 

Itansome, E. L., work of. 37 

Rappahannock River, plant beds on. 511 

Rappahannock series of the Potomac forma¬ 
tion ... . 473, 481,482,523, 524,530, 531 

Raritan clays, geologic equivalents of .... 512,513 

Raritan formation, plants of. 470, 

480, 524, 531,532, 533 

Raritan River, flora of beds on. 523, 524 

Ravenalospermum incertissimum Sap. 528 

Red Cliff, Isle of Wight, Wealden strata of. 487 
Reed, W. H., dinosaurian remains discov¬ 
ered by. 174 

Reid, Clement, cited. 493 

Reid, Harry Fielding, paper on Alaskan 

glaciers by.415-461 

Renault, B., cited. 486,499 

Rendu Glacier, Alaska, description of_ 431,433 

Reno River, Italy, geologic exposures exam¬ 
ined at. 470 

Renshawe, J. H., work of. . 64 

Reyer, Eduard, cited. 615 





























































































INDEX. 


905 


Page. 

Rhetic formation, flora of the. 482, 

484, 516. 517, 530,538 

Rhizocaolon elongatum Sap. 528 

Rhizocaulon vetus Sap.519, 528 

Rhode Island, geologic work in. 14-15 

Ribeiro, Carlos, cited. 516 

Richmond coal field, fossilsof. 499 

Richmond, Va., fossils found near. 499 

Ridgway, John L., work of.. 78 

Riga schist of Massachusetts, figure show¬ 
ing transverse folds of. 832 

Rio Centonara, Italy, fossil plant beds.... 504,510 
Rio della Cavaliera, Italy, fossil beds on... 510 

Rio Secco, Arizona, fossils from. 499 

Ripple-marks, figures of. 719,720,721 

determination of stratigraphy by_ 720-721 

Rizer, H. C., work of. 84 

Robbins, W. S., work of. 34 

Robertson, A., cited on the Wealden. 476 

Rocky Mountain region, geologic work in.. 28-34 
Rocky Mountain section of topography, 

work of. 62, 65-66 

Rogers, W. B., cited. 472, 621-622, 748 

Roofing slates of New York and Vermont, 

geologic mapping of. 16 

Rominger, cited. 750 

Ross, Charles A., work of. 79 

Ross, Charles P., work of. 47 

Roth, cited. 751 

Roughland, Isle of "Wight, beds of. 493 

Rufford, P., fossils collected by. 481 

Ruft'ordia. 522 

Ruffordia Goepperti (Dunk.) Sew_ 483,528,530 

Ruffordia Goepperti latifolia Sew. 483 

Rupert, Vermont, cleavage banding at. 563 

Russell, I. C., cited on geology of region 

about Glacier Bay, Alaska. 434, 435 

cited on decrease in size of Alaskan 

glaciers. 444 

cited on the Newark system. 734 

Russia, Neocomian flora of. 481, 482,530 

Rutile, statist ics of production of. 60 

Ryon, A. M., work of. 47 


S. 


Sagenopteris Mantelli (Dunk.) Schenk. 483 

St. Gothard massif, change from normal to 

abnormal folds in. 619 

cross-section through. 624 

structure of. 624 

St. Gothard tunnel, superincumbent rock 

pressure as affecting size of. 590 

Salem, Washington County, N. Y., diagram 

showing slip cleavage at. 561 

two-fold cleavage in ledge at. 565 

Salicipbyllum. 534 

Salix.... 534,539 

Salix assimilis Sap. 529, 532 

Salix infracretacica Sap. 529 

Salix proteaefolia Lx. 532 

Salix retinenda Sap. 529 

Salt, statistics of production of. 56-57,60 

Salto di Montese, Italy, rocks of. 500 

Sandown, Isle of Wight, rocks of.. 487 


Page. 

San Martino, Italy, rocks of.. 500 

San Sebastiao, Portugal, plant beds of... 523, 536 

Sansom, Joseph, aid by. 485,490 

Santagata, Italy, rocks of. 510 

Sapindophyllum. 523, 539 

Sapindophyllum brevior Sap. 529 

Sapindophyllum subapiculatum Sap. 529 

Saporta, Marquis G., aid by. 471, 

513, 515, 516, 517, 521, 523, 534, 535, 536, 540 

Sapper, Carl, cited. 825 

Sassafras cretaceum keterolobum Font. 532 

Sassafras protopbyllum Sap. 529, 532 

Sauropoda, definition of. 143 

descriptions of. 164-186 

names and characters of families of.. 165-166 

distribution of. 185 

comparison of European and American 

forms of. 185-186 

characters of. 228, 241 

families and genera of. 241-242 

Sauropoda, figures of remains of. 274-328, 396 

Sawatch range of mountains, pre-Cambrian 

rocks of. 823 

Sawyer, Wells M., work of. * 78 

Saxony, Cenomanian flora of. 481, 

482, 512, 514,530,531, 532 
Scaly Clays of Italy, place and fossils of.... 470, 

500,501, 503, 504 

Scelidosaurid®, characters of. 243 

restoration of. 410 

Scelidosaurus Owen, geologic horizon of... 196 

Scelidosaurus Harrisonii Owen, description 

of restoration of. 229-230 

restoration of. 410 

Schagticoke, N. Y., overturned folds at.. 551, 552 
Schell Creek range of mountains, pre-Cam¬ 
brian rocks of. 822 

Schenk, A., cited. 535 

Schimper, W. P., cited..'_515,535 

Schist-conglomerate, figures of. 828 

Schist and slate, definitions of. 633-634 

Schists and slates, development of new min¬ 
erals in. 635 

Schistose quartzite, origin and character of. 704 

Schistosity, recovery of rocks from. 706-707 

Schistosity of metamorphic rocks, observa¬ 
tions on. 706-707 

Schizoneura. 521 

Schizoneura hoerensis Heer. 519 

Schleichert, O., work of. 83 

Schmidt, L. M., work of. 41 

Schrader, F. C., geologic work by. 15 

Schuchert, Charles, work of. 38 

Schuylkill River, Pennsylvania, disappear¬ 
ance of folds with increased depth 

seen on. 601 

Soidmore, E. R., Alaskan wood presented 

for identification by. 451 

Scleropteris.. 520,521 

Scleropteris acutidens Sap. 519 

Scleropteris debilior Sap. 529 

Scleropteris densior Sap. 519 

Scleropteris Pomelii Sap.i_ 519 

Scleropteris proxima Sap. 519 

Scleropteris sinuata Sap.519, 521 









































































































906 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Scleropteris subdentata Sap. 519 

Scleropteris tenuisecta Sap.. 519 

Scleropteris virgiuica Pont. 521 

Scleropteris Zeilleri Sap. 519 

Scotland, Coral Rag of. 487 

Scott, D. H., aid by. 484 

Sedmore Point, Isle of Wight, beds of. 493 

Seeds, fossil, in the Lower Cretaceous of 

England. 483 

Seeley, H. G., dinosaur figured by. 219 

Seguenza, G., cited. 500 

Selwyn, A. R. C., cited. 749, 761 

Senonian, flora of the... 481.482,530-532 

Sequence of similar beds, stratigraphic evi¬ 
dential value of.» 586 

Sequoia. 534 

Sequoia lusitanica Heer. 529 

Sequoia subulata Heer. 532 

Sequoia subulata lusitanica Sap. 529, 532 

Sequoian type of structure in fossil wood 

of the Potomac formation. 499 

Sequoiites Gardneri Carr . 483 

Sequoiites ovalis Carr. 483 

Settefonti, Italy, fossils found at. 501 

Severn River, Maryland, plant-bearing beds 

on. 523 

Seward, A. C., cited. 481, 484, 522 

Shaler, N. S., work.14-15 

Shanklin, Isle of Wight, fossils from. 487 

Sharpe, Daniel, cited. 515, 634 

Sharpe and Tyndall, cited. 869 

Shasta formation, geologic place of. 470 

Shear of rocks under pressure. 862,866 

Shimirump formation, fossils of. 499 

Siberia, oolite of. 531,532,536 

Siderite, metasomatic alterations of.. . 690 

Silesia (Austrian), Urgonian flora of.. 481, 482, 530 
Silicates, paper prepared by F. W. Clarke on 

constitution of. 43 

Siliciftcation and serpentinizat ion, descrip¬ 
tion of. 691 


Silver and gold, statistics of production of. 51,59 


Sinemurian formation of Portugal. 517 

Slate, origin and character of. 705 

Slate and schist, definitions of. 633-634 

Slates (roofing) of New York and Vermont, 

geologic mapping of. 16 

Slates and schists, development of new min¬ 
erals in... 635 

• Smith, A. W.. determination of sediment, 

etc., in Alaskan waters by. 454 

Smithsonian Institution, acknowledgments 

to. 8 

Smyth, C. H., cited . 771 

Smyth, H. L., work of. 23 


cited. 784 

Soapstone, statistics of production of.55, 60 

Solms-Laubach, H., paleontologic work of. 484, 

502,503, 505, 506 

Sorby, H. C., cited. 633, 634,635,869 

South Carolina, allotment of money for geo¬ 


logic work in. 

work on gold areas of. 

determination of geologic age of phos¬ 
phate rock of. 


11 

21-22 


Page. 

South Dakota, allotment of money for topo¬ 


graphic work in. 13 

hydrographic work in. 48 

topographic work in. 68, 69, 71 

fossil wood and cycads of. 484, 499 

! South of England, geological map of the... 467, 

479, PI. XCVII 

Sphseria phylostichoides Sap. 529 

Sphatrulites Verneuilli Coq. 514 

j Sphenodiscus Fhligi Choff. 514 

Sphenolepidium. 533,534 

[ Sphenolepidium Choffati Sap. 519 

Sphenolepidium debile Heer . 529 

Sphenolepidium Kurrianum (Dunk.) Heer. 483, 

529, 530. 534 

! Sphenolepidium Sterubergianum (Dunk.) 

Heer. 529,530.534 

Spheuopteris. 520,521,522,533,535 

Sphenopteris acutidens Sap. 519, 529 

Spheuopteris adjuncta Sap. 519 

j Sphenopteris aneimiaeformis Sap. 529 

Sphenopteris angust.iloba Heer. 529 

Sphenopteris anticolobula Sap. 519 

Sphenopteris breviloba Sap. 519 

Sphenopteris capillaris Sap. 529 

Sphenopteris cercalensis Sap. 529 

Sphenopteris Chofl'atianainfracretaoicaSap 529 

Sphenopteris Cordai (Dunk.) Schenk- 529,530 

Sphenopteris crenularis Sap. 529 

Sphenopteris cuneifida Sap.f. 529 

Sphenopteris debiliformisSap. 529 

Sphenopteris idebilior Sap. 529 

Sphenopteris deflexa Sap. 519 

Sphenopteris Delgadoi Sap. 519, 522 

Sphenopteris densa Sap. 519 

Sphenopteris dissectifolia Sap. 519,529 

Sphenopteris dissectiformis Sap. 529 

Sphenopteris Fittoni Sew. 483 

Sphenopteris flabellina Sap. 529 

Sphenopteris flabellinervis Sap. 529 

Sphenopteris flabellisecta Sap. 529 

Sphenopteris FontaineiSew. 483 

Sphenopteris fracta Sap. 519 

Sphenopteris ginkgoides Sap. 529 

Sphenopteris Gcepperti. 484 

Sphenopteris Gomesiana Heer. 529 

Sphenopteris involvens Sap. 529 

Sphenopteris latiloba Font. 522 

Sphenopteris liuearisecta Sap. 529 

Sphenopteris lobulifera Sap. 529 

Sphenopteris lupulina Heer. 529 

Sphenopteris inarginata Sap. 519, 522 

Sphenopteris microclada Sap. 519 

Sphenopteris microlepisina Sap. 519 

Sphenopteris minima Sap. 519 

Sphenopteris odontoceras Sap. 519 

Sphenopteris ovatiloba Sap. 519, 522 

Sphenopteris pallida Sap. 519 

Sphenopteris palmifida Sap.519. 522 

| Sphenopteris pedicellate Sap. 519 

j Sphenopteris plurinervis Heer. 529 

Sphenopteris polyclada Sap. 529 

Sphenopteris proxima Sap. 519 

Sphenopteris pseudo Cordai Sap. 529 

Sphenopteris pseudolepida Sap. 529 


39 


















































































































INDEX. 


907 


Page 

Sphenopteris pygmaea Sap. 529 

Sphenopteris recurrens Sap. 529 

Sphenopteris subtihnervis Sap. 520,529 

Sphenopteris tenellilnba Sap. 520,522 

Sphenopteris tenellisecta Sap. 520 

Sphenopteris tenuifissa Sap. 529 

Sphenopteris thinnfeldiseformis Sap. 520 

Sphenopteris trapezoidea Sap. 520 

Sphenopteris tricholoba Sap. 520 

Sphenopteris trifida Sap . . 520 

Sphenospondylns Seeley, paleontologie allies 

of. 226 

Spitzbergen, Oolite ilora of_ 482, 484, 530,531, 532 

Urgonian of. 530 

Spurr, J. E., work of. 31 

Stachypteris litophylla Pom. 520 

Stachypteris minuta Sap. 520,529,530 

Stamford dike, Clarksburg Mountain, Mas¬ 
sachusetts, uncomformity deter¬ 
mined by. 727 

Stanton, T. W., work of. 38-39 

Statenlsland. Cretaceous plant-bearing beds 

of. 473,523,524 

Steep Rock Lake series of rocks of the 
Lake Superior region, order of for¬ 
mations in. 786 

Stegosauria, definition of. 143 

description of characters of. 193-194 

comparison of with Ornithopoda. 194 

geologic distribution of. 195-196 

characters of. 242 

families and genera of. 242-243 

Stegosauridse, descriptions of forms of... 186-202 

characters of. 242 

figures of remains of. 330-348,394, 398-406 

Stegosaurus, description of remains of... 186-193 

description of restoration of. 194-195 

characters of. 228 

probable identity of Omosaurus with .. 229 

Stegosaurus aflinis Marsh, description of 

post-pubic bone of. 191 

Stegosaurus stenops Marsh, description 

and figure of pelvis of. 190,340 

description of dermal spines of. 192 

figures of remains of. 330, 340,406 

Stegosaurus sulcatus Marsh, description 

of dermal spines of... 193 

figure of remains of. 344 

Stegosaurus ungulatus Marsh, description 

of brain of. 188 

description of ischium of. 190,191 

description of dermal spines of- 192 

figures of remains of. 332-344,348, 398,400-404 

Steierdorf, Hungary, Lias of. 535, 538 

Steiger, George, work of. 42 

Stephentown, N. Y., overturned anticline 

at ................................ 551, 5o3 

Sterrholophus Marsh, characters of. 216 

Sterrholophus liabellatus Marsh, figures 

of remains of .... 364, 370, 378, 382. 396, 406 
Stevenson, J. J., Alaskan fossil presented 

lor identification by. 434 

Stevenson, cited. 748, 749 

Stockbridge, Mass., figure of folded strata 

at. 556 

Stokes H. N., work ot. 42 


Page. 

Stone, statistics of production of. 55 

Storrow, Samuel, work of. 48 

Stose, G. "W., work of. 25, 80 

Stout, O. V. P., work of. 47 

Strahan, Aubrey, cited.’.. 493 

Strain of rocks under pressure, detailed con¬ 
sideration of . 860-867 

general remarks on. 868 

Stratigraphy, relations of cleavage and fis- 

sility to. 668 

relations of faults to. 678 

relation of mbtamorphic sedimentary 

rocks to. 707-708 

relations of metamorphic igneous rocks 

to. 714-716 

(pre-Cambrian), detailed consideration 

of. 716-721 

(pre-Cambrian), criteria of. 586-587 

Stress of rocks under pressure, planes and 

effects of. 846-848 

mathematical consideration of. 85Q- 

853,857-859 

relation of strain to. 867-868 

general remarks on. 808 

Stretching in rocks, evidences of. 567-568 

Strike and dip, relation of faults to. 674 

Structural materials, statistics of produc¬ 
tion of.. 55-56 

Struthio camelns Linn., figures of bones 

of. 288,360 

Struthiosaurus Bunzel (— Crataiomus See¬ 
ley), geologic horizon and general 

characters of. 219 

Suess, E., cited. 733 

Sulphur, statistics of production of. 57,60 

Sutherlandshire, Scotland, Coral Rag of.... 487 

Sutton, Frank, work of. 64 

Sweden, Rhetic of. 538 

Synclinoria, definition and types of. 607- 

608, 609-611, 612, 613-620 
T. 

Taenidium lusitanicum Heer. 529 

Tauiiopteris Beyrichii (Schenck) Sew. 483 

Taeniopteris Beyrichii superba Sew. 483 

Taeniopteris Dawsoni Sew. 483 

Taff, <T. A., work of. 17 

Taonurus procerus Heer. 520 

Taonurus scoparius Heer... 520 

Taylor, L. H., work of. 47 

Taylorsville, Ya., fossil plant from. 499 

Tejon and Chico faunas, discrimination of.. 38 

Tempskya Scliimperi Corda’. 483 

Tennessee, allotment of money for geologic 

work in. 11 

allotment of money for topographic 

work in. 13 

geologic work in. 18-19, 20 

topographic work in. 65,68,71 

photographic work in. 79 

Tension joints, description of. 668-670 

Tertiary beds of Gay Head section, Mar¬ 
thas Vineyard, Mass., work on. 39 

Tertiary flora of Portugal. 516 

Tertiary fossils collected in Florida__39-40 

Tertiary Mactridae, monograph prepared on. 40 






























































































908 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Texas, allotment of money for geologic 


work in. 11 

allotment of money for topographic 

work in. 13 

geologic work in. 27 

hydrographic work in. 48 

topographic work in. 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71 

pre-Cambrian rocks of. 814 

Thaumatopteris. 511, 535 

Theropoda, definition of. 143 

descriptions of remains of_ 146-151,153-163 

European. 163 

descriptions of families and genera of. 203-209 

characters of. 228,239 

families and genera of. 239-240 

figures of remains of. 248-252,256-272, 360, 408 

Thompson, A. H., work of. 63 

Thompson, Gilbert, work of.. 64 

Thomson and Tait, cited. 637, 847, 848, 856, 862 

Thrust (or reverse) faults, relation of folds 

. to . 674-676 

relations of cleavage and fissility to.. 659-660 

figure of. 673 

Thuya. 534 

Thuyites. 520,533,534 

Thuyites Choffati Heer. 520 

Thuyites debilis Sap. 529 

Thuyites densior Sap. 529 

Thuyites leptocladus Sap. 520 

Thuyites pulchelliformis Sap. 520,529 

Thuyites sp. Bristow. 483 

Thyrsopteris. 522,535 

Tliyrsopteris densifolia Font. 522 

Thyrsopteris elliptica Font. 522 

Thyrsopteris elongata Geyl. 484 

Thyrsopteris insignis Font. 522 

Thyrsopteris Meekiana Font. 522 

Thyrsopteris minuta Heer. 520 

Thyrsopteris pachyrachis Font. 522 

Thyrsopteris Tarinervis Font. 484 

Tilgato Forest, fossils of. 492 

Tilgate Grit, character of. 477-478 

Tin, North Carolina ores of. 52 

Titanosauridse, characters of. 242 

Titanosaurus, discovery and naming of re¬ 
mains of. 185 

Titandsaurus montanus, discovery of re¬ 
mains of. 164-165 

Toarcian of Portugal, plant beds of. 517 

Tompkins, Y. C., work of. 47, 48 

Topley, William, cited. 475 

Topographic Branch, work of. 61-77 

Topographic maps, mode of preparation of 

manuscripts for ..’.82-83 

Topographic sheets, report of progress in 

engraving of.83-84 

Topographic work, allotment to. 12-13 

Topography, work of Division of. 64-66 

Torosaurus, descriptions of remains of... 214-216 
Torosaurus gladius Marsh, figures of re¬ 
mains of. 368, 370 

Torosaurus latus Marsh, characters of_214-215 

figures of remains of. 368 

Torres-Vedras, Portugal, Neocomian fldra 

of. 523,524 


Page. 

Towson, B. M., work of. 65,77 

Trachodontidse (Hadrosauridse), characters 

of. 244 

genus of. 224 

paleontologic allies of. 226 

Trachodon Leidy (=Hadrosaurus Leidy and 

Diclonius Cope), remains of. 224 

structural difference between Claosau- 

rus and. 224 

Trachodon breviceps Marsh, figures of re¬ 
mains of. 394 

Transverse folds, examples of. 553-554 

Trappean rocks discovered and mapped in 

Massachusetts. 15 

Triangulation, work of Division of. 62-63 

Triangulation (primary) executed by the 
United States Geological Survey 

from 1882 to 1894, summary of_ 875-885 

instruments used in. 878-879 

expense of. 880 

degree of accuracy of. 880-881 

Trias of Italy. 509 

Trias of North Carolina, cycad trunk from. 487 

fossil wood from. 499 

Triassic dinosaurs, descriptions of remains 

of. 146-151 

description of footprints of. 151 

geographic distribution of. 152 

figures of remains of. 248-254 

Triassic flora of America. 517, 520, 521 

Triassic fossils, study of. 39 

Trieeratops, description of remains of... 208-214 

description of restoration of. 218 

characters of.:. 228 

figures of remains of. 384 

Trieeratops horridus Marsh, size of skull of. 208 

figures of remains of. 382 

Trieeratops prorsus Marsh, description of 

restoration of. 218 

figures of remains of. 362-366, 372-386,402 

restoration of..'. 386,402,404 

Trieeratops serratus Marsh, figures of re¬ 
mains of. 364, 366, 398, 400 

Trinity beds of Texas. 480, 481, 482, 530 

Tunbridge Wells Sand, geologic place and 

thickness of. 477, 479 

Turner, H. W., work of. 35 

Tuscaloosa formation, plants from. 470, 

472,513, 523, 539 

correlation of Potomac formation with. 40 

Tweedy, Frank, work of. 66 

Twin Glaciers, Alaska, description of. 427 

Tyndall, John, cited. 634 

Tyson, P. T., dinosaurlan remains found by. 164 

Tyson, Philip, plant remains found by. 503 

Tysonia. 503 

Tysonia marylandica Font.. 503 

U. 


Uinta Mountains, pre-Cambrian rocks of... 820 

Umber, statistics of production of. 58 

Uncompahgre Mountains, pre-Cambrian 

rocks of. 824 

Unconformity, stratigraphic evidential 

value of. 586 































































































INDEX. 


909 


Page. 

Unconformity, relations between folding 


and. 632-633 

characters and evidences of. 724-734 

phenomena indicating. 725-729 

erroneouslyinferred. 729-730 

obliteration of evidence of. 730-732 

extent of. 732-733 

time represented by. 733-734 

in nonfossiliferous rocks. 735 

obliteration of folding by. 832 

United States National Museum, acknowl¬ 
edgments to. 8 

Unkar series of the Grand Canyon, pre-Cam¬ 
brian rocks of..'. 825 

Upper Greensand, geologic place and flora 

of. 479,480,481 


Upper Huronian and Keweenawan, uncon¬ 
formity between... 807 

Upper Huronian rocks of the Lake Supe¬ 
rior region, description of. 787-792 

alterations of. 792-794 

Urgonian flora of various countries.. 481, 482, 510. 

512. 514, 518-520, 523, 526-533, 536, 538, 542 

Urgonian formation, position of the. 469 

Urquhart, C. F., work of.66,76 

Utah, allotments of money for geologic work 

in. 11 

geologic work in. 31 

chemical analyses made of ores from... 42 

hydrographic work in. 44,48 


V. 


Valanginian formation, position of the. 469 

Valanginian of Portugal, flora of the. 518- 

520,523, 530-533, 536 

Yalle-de-Bronco, Portugal, geologic equiva¬ 
lents of. 523 

Yalle-de-Lobos, Portugal, Neocomian flora of 523 

Van Hise, C. R.. work of. 23 

paper on principles of North American 

pre-Cambrian geology by. 574 

Yaughan, T. Way land, work of. 27-28 

Yectisaurus Hulke, paleontologic allies of.. 226 

Venetian reds, statistics of production of... 58 

Venner, cited. 774 

Vermont, allotment of money for geologic 

work in. 11 

allotment of money for topographic work 

in. 13 

geologic work in. 'le 

topographic work in... 62, 64,68, 69 

pre-Cambrian rocks of. 827-829 

Vertebrate fossils in North America, dia¬ 
grams showing geologic horizons of. 145 

Viburnum. 536 

Viburnum vetus Sap. 529 

Villa-Verde-de-Tentugal, Portugal, plant¬ 
bearing beds at. 524 

Virginia, allotment of money for geologic 

work in. 11 

allotment of money for topographic 

work in. 13 

geologic work in...17,18 

work on Eocene fauna of. 22 

hydrographic work in. 45,49 


Page 

Virginia, topographic work in. 64, 68, 71 

Younger Mesozoic of.... 511 

supposed Jurassic of. 511 

Vitiphyllum. 539 

Vitiphyllum (Cissites) multifidum Font.. 539, 542 

Vitis. 539 

Voltzia. 521 

Voltzia pachyphylla (Zigno) Schimp. 520 

Voltzia recubariensis (Mass.) Schenk. 520 

Vosges, Buntersandstein of the. 484 

Vraconnian flora of Portugal. 526-533, 539 

Vraconnian formation, position of the_514, 524 

W. 


163 


7-8 


Wadhurst Clay, thickness of. 479 

Wadsworth, cited. 750,754,760 

Wagner, Compsognathus longipes described 

by. 

Walcott, Charles D., service in United States 
Geological Survey, appointment as 
director thereof and changes made 

by. 

work of.37, 38 

cited. 723, 760-761, 825, 837 

Wallace, Alfred Russel, aid by. 484, 

485, 486,495, 496 

Wallace, H. S., work of. 65 

Walsh, J. R., work of.84,86 

Ward, Lester F., work of. 40-41 

cited. 515 

paper on Some Analogies in the Lower 
Cretaceous of Europe and America 

by. 463-542 

Warman, P. C., work of.79-80 

Wasatch Mountains, pre-Cambrian rocks of 821 

Washington, allotment of money for topo¬ 
graphic work in. 13 

hydrographic work in.44,49 

topographic work in. 66. 68,71 

Washington, D. C., work on areal geology of 22-23 

plant-bearing beds near. 523 

Water (mineral), statistic# of...59,60 

Weald Clay, character and fossils of. 478, 482 

Wealden, fauna of the. 480 

Wealden flora of various countries... 481, 482, 530 

Wealden, geological position of the. 469, 

474,513, 514, 522 

lithological character of the. 477 

origin and mode of deposition of the... 475 

flora of the. 480,482 

ideal section of the. 467,480 

map of the. 479, PL XCYII 

thickness of the. 479 

Webb, E. A., fossil plant named for. 496 

Webster, Thomas, cited. 481,488, 491 

Weed, W. H., work of. 28-29 

Weeks, F. B., work of. 37 

Weichselia Mantelli (Brongn.) Sew. 483 

Welding, metamorphism of rocks by. 684 

Wells (artesian) of Atlantic Coastal Plain 

region, preparation of report on.... 23 

Wernsdorf beds, flora of the. 481,482, 514 

Western Union Telegraph Company, aid by. 63 

Westphalia, Neocomian and Senonian flora 

of. 481,482,530 




























































































910 


INDEX. 


Page. 

West Virginia, allotments of money for geo¬ 
logic work in. 11 

allotment of money for topographic 

work in. 13 

geologic work. 17,18 

paleontologic work in. 21 

hydrographic work in. 45,49 

topographic work in. 64, 68 , 69,71 

Wheat, Joseph H., work ol. 78 

White, C. A., cited. 470,733,734 

White, C. David, work of. 20-21 

White Creek, Washington County, New 
York, figure showing alternating 
beds of plicated shale and quarzite 

at. 557 

cleavage handing at. 561-562 

Whitney, J. D., cited. 750-760 

Widdringtonites. 524 

Widdringtonites debilis Sap. 520,529 

Widdringtonites pygmasus Sap... 529 

Wieser, Frances, work of. 78 

Willcox, Joseph, aid by. 40 

Williamsonia minima Sap. 529 

Willingdon, Sussex. .. 492, 494 

Willis, Bailey, work of. 17,80 

cited. 595, 604, 614, 623, 666 , 667,677 

acknowledgments to. 589 

Williams, G. H., cited. 433, 826, 835, 837 

Williams, H. S., Alaskan fosssils identified 

by... 434 

cited. 735 

Williamstown, Mass., longitudinal folding, 

faulting, and cleavage at. 555 

Wilson, H. M., work of. 64 

Winslow, Arthur, cited. 594 

Wirt, W. D., work of. 84, 86 

Wisconsin, geologic work in. 24 

Witham, Henry, cited. 499 

Wolff, J. E., work of. 16,837 

Wood, George M., work of. 79 

Wood, Searles Valentine, cited. 476 

Wood Glacier, Alaska, description of. 428 


Page. 

Woodward, Henry, Scelidosaurus restored 


by. 229 

Woodward, R. S., cited. 699 

Woodworth, J. B., work of. 39 

Wright, G. F., cited on sand and gravel de¬ 
posits about Glacier Bay, Alaska 435, 438 
cited on velocity of Muir Glacier. Alas 

ka. 445 

Wyoming, allotment of money for geologic 

work in. 11 

hydrographic work in. 49 

topographic work in.64,65,68,69 

. T. 

Yatesia yatesii (Carr.) Ward. 483 

Yellowstone National Park, work on geolog¬ 
ic maps of. 33 

studies of fossils of.38,39 

work on geologic mapping of. 29 

Yokoyama, Matejiro, cited. 484 

Yorkshire, Oolite flora of. 482,484,515, 530 

Younger Mesozoic of Virginia. 511 

flora of the. 511 

Yuceites. 520, 534, 536 

Yuccites fimbriatus Sap. 520 

Yuccites fractifolius Sap. 529 


Z. 


Zamia. 488 

Zambujeiro, Portugal, plants found near ... 523 

Zamites gramineus var. Mundse. 515 

Zanclodon (Plateosaurus), a genus of dino¬ 
saurs, characters of. 235-236 

Zanclodontidfe (Plateosauridse), characters 

of. 239 

Zigno, Achille, cited. 535, 536 

Zinc, statistics of, production of. 51, 59 

Zinc-white, statistics of production of.58, 60 

Zittel, K. A. von, cast of type specimen of 
Compsognathus longipes furnished 
by 


228 






































































































































































































































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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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